Replace gcsblob with lightweight GCS backend

Add GCS storage backend with Workload Identity support
Register gocloud.dev/blob/gcsblob so gs:// URLs are accepted as a storage backend. Authentication uses Application Default Credentials, which makes GKE Workload Identity work out of the box; signed URLs (direct_serve) fall back to the IAM Credentials signBlob API when no private key is available. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-08-01 10:08:08 -04:00 · 2026-07-01 18:56:35 +01:00 · 2026-06-11 13:54:59 -04:00
51 changed files with 1137 additions and 1485 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@b7ad1dad31e06c5925ef5d2fc7ad053ef454303e # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
        with:
          go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}

@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ jobs:
  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@b7ad1dad31e06c5925ef5d2fc7ad053ef454303e # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
        with:
          go-version: '1.25'

--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
    steps:
      - name: Check out the repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Log in to the Container registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@06fb636fac595d6fb4b28a5dfcb21a6f5091859c
+        uses: docker/login-action@650006c6eb7dba73a995cc03b0b2d7f5ca915bee
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ jobs:

      - name: Extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@dc802804100637a589fabce1cb79ff13a1411302
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@80c7e94dd9b9319bd5eb7a0e0fe9291e23a2a2e9
        with:
          images: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}

      - name: Build and push Docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@53b7df96c91f9c12dcc8a07bcb9ccacbed38856a
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@f9f3042f7e2789586610d6e8b85c8f03e5195baf
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
          persist-credentials: false
@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ jobs:
      - uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@6f9f17788090df1f26f669e9d70d6ae9567deba6 # v4.1.2

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@b7ad1dad31e06c5925ef5d2fc7ad053ef454303e # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          cache: false

-      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@f06c13b6b1a9625abc9e6e439d9c05a8f2190e94 # v7.2.3
+      - uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@5daf1e915a5f0af01ddbcd89a43b8061ff4f1a89 # v7.2.2
        with:
          version: "~> v2"
          args: release --clean
--- a/.github/workflows/swagger.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/swagger.yml
@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ jobs:
  swagger:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@b7ad1dad31e06c5925ef5d2fc7ad053ef454303e # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
        with:
          go-version: '1.25'

--- a/.github/workflows/zizmor.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zizmor.yml
@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ jobs:
      security-events: write
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6.0.3
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Run zizmor
-        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@6fc4b006235f201fdab3722e17240ab420d580e5 # v0.6.1
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@5f14fd08f7cf1cb1609c1e344975f152c7ee938d # v0.5.6
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.26.5-alpine AS builder
+FROM golang:1.26.4-alpine AS builder

 WORKDIR /src

@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ COPY . .
 # Build the binary
 RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o /proxy ./cmd/proxy

-FROM alpine:3.24.1
+FROM alpine:3.24.0

 RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates

--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ The proxy can be configured via:
 -config string           Path to configuration file
 -listen string           Address to listen on (default ":8080")
 -base-url string         Public URL of this proxy (default "http://localhost:8080")
-storage-url string      Storage URL (file:// or s3://)
+-storage-url string      Storage URL (file://, s3://, gs://, azblob://)
 -storage-path string     Path to artifact storage directory (deprecated, use -storage-url)
 -database-driver string  Database driver: sqlite or postgres (default "sqlite")
 -database-path string    Path to SQLite database file (default "./cache/proxy.db")
@ -504,6 +504,57 @@ storage:

 Set credentials via standard AWS environment variables (`AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID`, `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`, `AWS_REGION`).

+### Google Cloud Storage
+
+The proxy can store cached artifacts in a GCS bucket using the `gs://` URL scheme.
+
+```yaml
+storage:
+  url: "gs://my-bucket-name"
+```
+
+Authentication uses [Application Default Credentials](https://cloud.google.com/docs/authentication/application-default-credentials), which means no credentials need to be embedded in the config or environment. Supported sources, in order:
+
+- **GKE Workload Identity** — bind the Kubernetes service account running the proxy to a Google service account that has `roles/storage.objectAdmin` on the bucket. The proxy will use the workload's token automatically.
+- **Attached service account** on GCE, Cloud Run, Cloud Functions, etc.
+- **`GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS`** environment variable pointing at a service account JSON key file.
+- **`gcloud auth application-default login`** for local development.
+
+#### GKE Workload Identity setup
+
+```bash
+# 1. Create a Google service account
+gcloud iam service-accounts create git-pkgs-proxy \
+  --project=PROJECT_ID
+
+# 2. Grant it access to the bucket
+gsutil iam ch \
+  serviceAccount:git-pkgs-proxy@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com:objectAdmin \
+  gs://my-bucket-name
+
+# 3. Bind the Kubernetes service account to it
+gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \
+  git-pkgs-proxy@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
+  --role=roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser \
+  --member="serviceAccount:PROJECT_ID.svc.id.goog[NAMESPACE/KSA_NAME]"
+
+# 4. Annotate the Kubernetes service account
+kubectl annotate serviceaccount KSA_NAME \
+  --namespace=NAMESPACE \
+  iam.gke.io/gcp-service-account=git-pkgs-proxy@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com
+```
+
+#### Direct serve (signed URLs) with Workload Identity
+
+When `direct_serve: true` is enabled, the proxy issues HTTP 302 redirects to presigned GCS URLs. Because Workload Identity provides no private key, the gcsblob driver falls back to the [IAM Credentials `signBlob` API](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/reference/credentials/rest/v1/projects.serviceAccounts/signBlob). For this to work, grant the service account the token-creator role on itself:
+
+```bash
+gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \
+  git-pkgs-proxy@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
+  --role=roles/iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator \
+  --member="serviceAccount:git-pkgs-proxy@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com"
+```
+
 ## CLI Commands

 ### serve (default)
--- a/config.example.yaml
+++ b/config.example.yaml
@ -9,11 +9,6 @@ listen: ":8080"
 # so users know what to point their package manager at.
 base_url: "http://localhost:8080"

-# Timeout for individual upstream HTTP requests made by protocol handlers
-# (metadata fetches, pass-through file requests). Uses Go duration syntax.
-# Set to "0" to disable the timeout. Default: "30s".
-# http_timeout: "30s"
-
 # Public URL where the web UI is reached. Defaults to base_url when unset.
 # Set this separately when the UI is served on a different hostname than the
 # package endpoints — for example, the UI on a public domain behind auth while
@ -27,9 +22,20 @@ storage:
  #   - file:///path/to/dir - Local filesystem (default)
  #   - s3://bucket-name - Amazon S3
  #   - s3://bucket?endpoint=http://localhost:9000 - S3-compatible (MinIO)
+  #   - gs://bucket-name - Google Cloud Storage
+  #   - azblob://container-name - Azure Blob Storage
  #
  # For S3, configure credentials via environment variables:
  #   AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, AWS_REGION
+  #
+  # For GCS, authentication uses Application Default Credentials. On GKE with
+  # Workload Identity, bind the Kubernetes service account to a Google service
+  # account that has roles/storage.objectAdmin on the bucket. No extra config
+  # is needed in this file. For local development, run:
+  #   gcloud auth application-default login
+  # If direct_serve is enabled, the service account also needs
+  # roles/iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator on itself so the IAM Credentials
+  # signBlob API can sign URLs without a private key.
  url: ""

  # Local filesystem path (used when url is empty)
@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ storage:
  max_size: ""

  # Redirect cached artifact downloads to presigned storage URLs (HTTP 302)
-  # instead of streaming through the proxy. Only effective for S3 and Azure.
+  # instead of streaming through the proxy. Only effective for S3, GCS, and Azure.
  # Leave disabled if clients reach the proxy through an authenticating gateway,
  # since presigned URLs bypass it.
  direct_serve: false
@ -168,8 +174,7 @@ cooldown:
  #   npm: "7d"
  #   cargo: "0"

-  # Per-package overrides (keyed by PURL). Keys are normalized, so npm scopes
-  # may use either @scope or the canonical %40scope form.
+  # Per-package overrides (keyed by PURL)
  # packages:
  #   "pkg:npm/lodash": "0"
  #   "pkg:npm/@babel/core": "14d"
--- a/docs/configuration.md
+++ b/docs/configuration.md
@ -234,8 +234,6 @@ cooldown:

 Durations support days (`7d`), hours (`48h`), and minutes (`30m`). Set to `0` to disable.

-Package PURL keys are normalized to canonical form before matching, so `pkg:npm/@babel/core` and `pkg:npm/%40babel/core` are equivalent, as are `pkg:pypi/Django` and `pkg:pypi/django`. If both forms configure the same package, the canonical entry wins.
-
 Resolution order: package override, then ecosystem override, then global default. This lets you set a conservative default while exempting trusted packages.

 Currently supported for npm, PyPI, pub.dev, Composer, Cargo, NuGet, Conda, RubyGems, and Hex. These ecosystems include publish timestamps in their metadata.
@ -278,18 +276,6 @@ metadata_max_size: "100MB"   # default

 Or via environment variable: `PROXY_METADATA_MAX_SIZE=250MB`.

-## Upstream HTTP timeout
-
-Protocol handlers use a shared HTTP client for upstream requests such as metadata fetches and pass-through file downloads. `http_timeout` sets that client's per-request timeout. Raise it if slow upstreams or large metadata responses cause `context deadline exceeded` errors.
-
-```yaml
-http_timeout: "30s"   # default
-```
-
-Or via environment variable: `PROXY_HTTP_TIMEOUT=2m`.
-
-Set to `"0"` to disable the timeout entirely (requests then rely only on the server's write timeout).
-
 ## Mirror API

 The `/api/mirror` endpoints are disabled by default. Enable them to allow starting mirror jobs via HTTP:
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -3,29 +3,30 @@ module github.com/git-pkgs/proxy
 go 1.25.6

 require (
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.6.0
 	github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.11.0
-	github.com/git-pkgs/archives v0.4.0
+	github.com/git-pkgs/archives v0.3.0
 	github.com/git-pkgs/cooldown v0.1.1
-	github.com/git-pkgs/enrichment v0.6.4
-	github.com/git-pkgs/magic v0.1.0
-	github.com/git-pkgs/purl v0.1.15
-	github.com/git-pkgs/registries v0.6.4
+	github.com/git-pkgs/enrichment v0.3.0
+	github.com/git-pkgs/purl v0.1.12
+	github.com/git-pkgs/registries v0.6.1
 	github.com/git-pkgs/spdx v0.1.4
-	github.com/git-pkgs/vers v0.3.0
-	github.com/git-pkgs/vulns v0.2.1
-	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.3.1
+	github.com/git-pkgs/vers v0.2.6
+	github.com/git-pkgs/vulns v0.1.5
+	github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.3.0
 	github.com/jmoiron/sqlx v1.4.0
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.12.3
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.24.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2
 	github.com/spdx/tools-golang v0.5.7
 	github.com/swaggo/swag v1.16.6
 	gocloud.dev v0.46.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	modernc.org/sqlite v1.55.0
+	modernc.org/sqlite v1.51.0
 )

 require (
@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ require (
 	4d63.com/gochecknoglobals v0.2.2 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.18.2 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0 // indirect
 	codeberg.org/chavacava/garif v0.2.0 // indirect
 	codeberg.org/polyfloyd/go-errorlint v1.9.0 // indirect
 	dev.gaijin.team/go/exhaustruct/v4 v4.0.0 // indirect
@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/curioswitch/go-reassign v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/daixiang0/gci v0.13.7 // indirect
 	github.com/dave/dst v0.27.3 // indirect
-	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/denis-tingaikin/go-header v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.5 // indirect
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ecosyste-ms/ecosystems-go v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ecosyste-ms/ecosystems-go v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/ettle/strcase v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/facebookgo/clock v0.0.0-20150410010913-600d898af40a // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 // indirect
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/fzipp/gocyclo v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/ghostiam/protogetter v0.3.20 // indirect
 	github.com/git-pkgs/packageurl-go v0.3.1 // indirect
-	github.com/git-pkgs/pom v0.1.5 // indirect
+	github.com/git-pkgs/pom v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/github/go-spdx/v2 v2.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-critic/go-critic v0.14.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
@ -218,16 +218,15 @@ require (
 	github.com/nishanths/exhaustive v0.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/nishanths/predeclared v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/nunnatsa/ginkgolinter v0.23.0 // indirect
-	github.com/oapi-codegen/nullable v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/oapi-codegen/runtime v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/oapi-codegen/runtime v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/package-url/packageurl-go v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/pandatix/go-cvss v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c // indirect
-	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.70.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.21.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.67.5 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.20.1 // indirect
 	github.com/quasilyte/go-ruleguard v0.4.5 // indirect
 	github.com/quasilyte/go-ruleguard/dsl v0.3.23 // indirect
 	github.com/quasilyte/gogrep v0.5.0 // indirect
@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/timonwong/loggercheck v0.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tomarrell/wrapcheck/v2 v2.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tommy-muehle/go-mnd/v2 v2.5.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.16 // indirect
+	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15 // indirect
 	github.com/ultraware/funlen v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/ultraware/whitespace v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
@ -291,25 +290,24 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.44.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.1 // indirect
-	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260218203240-3dfff04db8fa // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20260209203927-2842357ff358 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.38.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.33.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.52.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.35.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20240903120638-7835f813f4da // indirect
 	google.golang.org/api v0.272.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260414002931-afd174a4e478 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	honnef.co/go/tools v0.7.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/libc v1.74.1 // indirect
+	modernc.org/libc v1.72.3 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 // indirect
 	mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.9.2 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.11.0 h1:GokP8FiRC+foiuwWhSSLpSD5H4hSWtGnR3w
 github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.11.0/go.mod h1:vUvbCXQsEm48OI6oOlanxstwNByXjCZ2wuleUlwGEO8=
 github.com/Djarvur/go-err113 v0.1.1 h1:eHfopDqXRwAi+YmCUas75ZE0+hoBHJ2GQNLYRSxao4g=
 github.com/Djarvur/go-err113 v0.1.1/go.mod h1:IaWJdYFLg76t2ihfflPZnM1LIQszWOsFDh2hhhAVF6k=
-github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.32.0 h1:rIkQfkCOVKc1OiRCNcSDD8ml5RJlZbH/Xsq7lbpynwc=
-github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.32.0/go.mod h1:RD2SsorTmYhF6HkTmDw7KmPYQk8OBYwTkuasChwv7R4=
+github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.31.0 h1:DHa2U07rk8syqvCge0QIGMCE1WxGj9njT44GH7zNJLQ=
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@ -209,16 +209,17 @@ github.com/dave/dst v0.27.3/go.mod h1:jHh6EOibnHgcUW3WjKHisiooEkYwqpHLBSX1iOBhEy
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@ -244,32 +245,30 @@ github.com/fzipp/gocyclo v0.6.0 h1:lsblElZG7d3ALtGMx9fmxeTKZaLLpU8mET09yN4BBLo=
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@ -424,8 +423,8 @@ github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.9.0 h1:9xt1zI9EBfcYBvdU1nVrzMzzUPUtPKs9bVSIM3TAb3
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@ -512,10 +511,8 @@ github.com/nishanths/predeclared v0.2.2 h1:V2EPdZPliZymNAn79T8RkNApBjMmVKh5XRpLm
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@ -541,16 +538,17 @@ github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c h1:+mdjkGKdHQG3305AYmd
 github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c/go.mod h1:7rwL4CYBLnjLxUqIJNnCWiEdr3bn6IUYi15bNlnbCCU=
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@ -656,8 +654,8 @@ github.com/tomarrell/wrapcheck/v2 v2.12.0 h1:H/qQ1aNWz/eeIhxKAFvkfIA+N7YDvq6TWVF
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 github.com/ultraware/whitespace v0.2.0 h1:TYowo2m9Nfj1baEQBjuHzvMRbp19i+RCcRYrSWoFa+g=
@ -704,8 +702,8 @@ go.augendre.info/fatcontext v0.9.0 h1:Gt5jGD4Zcj8CDMVzjOJITlSb9cEch54hjRRlN3qDoj
 go.augendre.info/fatcontext v0.9.0/go.mod h1:L94brOAT1OOUNue6ph/2HnwxoNlds9aXDF2FcUntbNw=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 h1:jXsnJ4Lmnqd11kwkBV2LgLoFMZKizbCi5fNZ/ipaZ64=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1/go.mod h1:KRTj+aOaElaLi+wW1kO/DZRXwkF4C5xPbEe3ZiIhN7Y=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/detectors/gcp v1.43.0 h1:62yY3dT7/ShwOxzA0RsKRgshBmfElKI4d/Myu2OxDFU=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/detectors/gcp v1.43.0/go.mod h1:RyaZMFY7yi1kAs45S6mbFGz8O8rqB0dTY14uzvG4LCs=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/detectors/gcp v1.42.0 h1:kpt2PEJuOuqYkPcktfJqWWDjTEd/FNgrxcniL7kQrXQ=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/detectors/gcp v1.42.0/go.mod h1:W9zQ439utxymRrXsUOzZbFX4JhLxXU4+ZnCt8GG7yA8=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.67.0 h1:yI1/OhfEPy7J9eoa6Sj051C7n5dvpj0QX8g4sRchg04=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.67.0/go.mod h1:NoUCKYWK+3ecatC4HjkRktREheMeEtrXoQxrqYFeHSc=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.67.0 h1:OyrsyzuttWTSur2qN/Lm0m2a8yqyIjUVBZcxFPuXq2o=
@ -728,8 +726,8 @@ go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 h1:blXXJkSxSSfBVBlC76pxqeO+LN3aDfLQo+309xJstO0=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0/go.mod h1:20+QtiLqy0Nd6FdQB9TLXag12DsQkrbs3htMFfDN80Y=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.27.1 h1:08RqriUEv8+ArZRYSTXy1LeBScaMpVSTBhCeaZYfMYc=
 go.uber.org/zap v1.27.1/go.mod h1:GB2qFLM7cTU87MWRP2mPIjqfIDnGu+VIO4V/SdhGo2E=
-go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4 h1:tuyd0P+2Ont/d6e2rl3be67goVK4R6deVxCUX5vyPaQ=
-go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4/go.mod h1:gMZqIpDtDqOfM0uNfy0SkpRhvUryYH0Z6wdMYcacYXQ=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3 h1:6gvOSjQoTB3vt1l+CU+tSyi/HOjfOjRLJ4YwYZGwRO0=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.3/go.mod h1:zSxWcmIDjOzPXpjlTTbAsKokqkDNAVtZO0WOMiT90s8=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 h1:tfq32ie2Jv2UxXFdLJdh3jXuOzWiL1fo0bu/FbuKpbc=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4/go.mod h1:DhzuOOF2ATzADvBadXxruRBLzYTpT36CKvDb3+aBEFg=
 gocloud.dev v0.46.0 h1:niIuZwSjMtBx8K+ITB2s5kZullB13PGOS2ZoQPZxQ4Q=
@ -740,8 +738,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.13.0/go.mod h1:y6Z2r+Rw4iayiXXAIxJIDAJ1zMW4yaTpebo8fPOliYc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.14.0/go.mod h1:MVFd36DqK4CsrnJYDkBA3VC4m2GkXAM0PvzMCn4JQf4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0 h1:QZ4Muo8THX6CizN2vPPd5fBGHyogrdK9fG4wLPFUsto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0/go.mod h1:DNLU434OwVakk9PzuwV8w62mAJpRJL3vsgcfp4Qnsio=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0 h1:+Ng2ULVvLHnJ/ZFEq4KdcDd/cfjrrjjNSXNzxg0Y4U4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0/go.mod h1:ErX4dUh2UM+CFYiXZRTcMpEcN8b/1gxEuv3nODoYtCA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260218203240-3dfff04db8fa h1:Zt3DZoOFFYkKhDT3v7Lm9FDMEV06GpzjG2jrqW+QTE0=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20260218203240-3dfff04db8fa/go.mod h1:K79w1Vqn7PoiZn+TkNpx3BUWUQksGO3JcVX6qIjytmA=
 golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20220428152302-39d4317da171/go.mod h1:AbB0pIl9nAr9wVwH+Z2ZpaocVmF5I4GyWCDIsVjR0bk=
@ -757,8 +755,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91
 golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.13.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0 h1:vF1DjpVEshcIqoEaauuHebaLk1O1forxjxBaVn884JQ=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.37.0/go.mod h1:m8S8VeM9r4dzDwjrKO0a1sZP3YjeMamRRlD+fmR2Q/0=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.33.0 h1:tHFzIWbBifEmbwtGz65eaWyGiGZatSrT9prnU8DbVL8=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.33.0/go.mod h1:swjeQEj+6r7fODbD2cqrnje9PnziFuw4bmLbBZFrQ5w=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
@ -773,8 +771,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
 golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.16.0/go.mod h1:NxSsAGuq816PNPmqtQdLE42eU2Fs7NoRIZrHJAlaCOE=
-golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 h1:Rw8j/hFzGvJUZwNBXnAtf5sVDVt+65SK2C7IxCxZt5o=
-golang.org/x/net v0.56.0/go.mod h1:D3Ku6r+V6JROoZK144D2XfMHFcMq/0zSfLelVTCFKec=
+golang.org/x/net v0.52.0 h1:He/TN1l0e4mmR3QqHMT2Xab3Aj3L9qjbhRm78/6jrW0=
+golang.org/x/net v0.52.0/go.mod h1:R1MAz7uMZxVMualyPXb+VaqGSa3LIaUqk0eEt3w36Sw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0 h1:peZ/1z27fi9hUOFCAZaHyrpWG5lwe0RJEEEeH0ThlIs=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.36.0/go.mod h1:YDBUJMTkDnJS+A4BP4eZBjCqtokkg1hODuPjwiGPO7Q=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@ -786,8 +784,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.4.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 h1:SZjpbeLmrCk4xhRSZFNZW5gFUeCeFgjekvI/+gfScek=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 h1:e0PTpb7pjO8GAtTs2dQ6jYa5BWYlMuX047Dco/pItO4=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200323222414-85ca7c5b95cd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@ -809,8 +807,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 h1:o7XGOvZQCADBQQ4Y7VNq2dRWQR7JmOUW8Kxx4ZsNgWs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0 h1:dO4czNzziLiiXplLQgBCEpCvXQ3dnkn0SdaZSYdQ+FY=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.5.0/go.mod h1:jMB1sMXY+tzblOD4FWmEbocvup2/aLOaQEp7JmGp78k=
@ -825,8 +823,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.38.0 h1:sXmwo9DwP3OK9EZ7PqAdaooSGozfl/3a6/xJcbzPRhE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.38.0/go.mod h1:YXZt3QhHUKYT53r2lLKFIVi6Ao1jdzrTR/KQ09qyxF4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.35.0 h1:JOVx6vVDFokkpaq1AEptVzLTpDe9KGpj5tR4/X+ybL8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.35.0/go.mod h1:khi/HExzZJ2pGnjenulevKNX1W67CUy0AsXcNubPGCA=
 golang.org/x/time v0.15.0 h1:bbrp8t3bGUeFOx08pvsMYRTCVSMk89u4tKbNOZbp88U=
 golang.org/x/time v0.15.0/go.mod h1:Y4YMaQmXwGQZoFaVFk4YpCt4FLQMYKZe9oeV/f4MSno=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@ -841,8 +839,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc
 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.14.0/go.mod h1:uYBEerGOWcJyEORxN+Ek8+TT266gXkNlHdJBwexUsBg=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0 h1:7Kn5x/d1svx/PzryTsqeoZN4TZwqeH5pGWjefhLi/1Q=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.47.0/go.mod h1:dFHnyTvFWY212G+h7ZY4Vsp/K3U4/7W9TyVaAul8uCA=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0 h1:uNgphsn75Tdz5Ji2q36v/nsFSfR/9BRFvqhGBaJGd5k=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.42.0/go.mod h1:Ma6lCIwGZvHK6XtgbswSoWroEkhugApmsXyrUmBhfr0=
 golang.org/x/tools/go/expect v0.1.1-deprecated h1:jpBZDwmgPhXsKZC6WhL20P4b/wmnpsEAGHaNy0n/rJM=
 golang.org/x/tools/go/expect v0.1.1-deprecated/go.mod h1:eihoPOH+FgIqa3FpoTwguz/bVUSGBlGQU67vpBeOrBY=
 golang.org/x/tools/go/packages/packagestest v0.1.1-deprecated h1:1h2MnaIAIXISqTFKdENegdpAgUXz6NrPEsbIeWaBRvM=
@ -859,12 +857,12 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.272.0 h1:eLUQZGnAS3OHn31URRf9sAmRk3w2JjMx37d2k8AjJmA=
 google.golang.org/api v0.272.0/go.mod h1:wKjowi5LNJc5qarNvDCvNQBn3rVK8nSy6jg2SwRwzIA=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5 h1:JNfk58HZ8lfmXbYK2vx/UvsqIL59TzByCxPIX4TDmsE=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5/go.mod h1:x5julN69+ED4PcFk/XWayw35O0lf/nGa4aNgODCmNmw=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260414002931-afd174a4e478 h1:yQugLulqltosq0B/f8l4w9VryjV+N/5gcW0jQ3N8Qec=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260414002931-afd174a4e478/go.mod h1:C6ADNqOxbgdUUeRTU+LCHDPB9ttAMCTff6auwCVa4uc=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260414002931-afd174a4e478 h1:RmoJA1ujG+/lRGNfUnOMfhCy5EipVMyvUE+KNbPbTlw=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260414002931-afd174a4e478/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.1 h1:NnAxzGRA0677vCa4BUkOAnO5+FfQqVl9iUXeD0IqcGE=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.82.1/go.mod h1:yzTZ1TB1Z3SG+LIYaI+WiE8D5+PZ3ArnrSp8zF3+/ZA=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5 h1:CogIeEXn4qWYzzQU0QqvYBM8yDF9cFYzDq9ojSpv0Js=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5/go.mod h1:EIQZ5bFCfRQDV4MhRle7+OgjNtZ6P1PiZBgAKuxXu/Y=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5 h1:aJmi6DVGGIStN9Mobk/tZOOQUBbj0BPjZjjnOdoZKts=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260316180232-0b37fe3546d5/go.mod h1:4Hqkh8ycfw05ld/3BWL7rJOSfebL2Q+DVDeRgYgxUU8=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1 h1:VnnIIZ88UzOOKLukQi+ImGz8O1Wdp8nAGGnvOfEIWQQ=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1/go.mod h1:xGH9GfzOyMTGIOXBJmXt+BX/V0kcdQbdcuwQ/zNw42I=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@ -884,20 +882,20 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.7.0 h1:w6WUp1VbkqPEgLz4rkBzH/CSU6HkoqNLp6GstyTx3lU=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pm29oPxeP3P82ISxZDgIYeOaf9ta6Pi0EWvCFoLG2vc=
-modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.29.0 h1:CXgwL8cvxmyzBQZzbSl/6xFtMCryb6u8IOqDci39cgc=
-modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.29.0/go.mod h1:OnovgIhbbMXMu1aISnJ0wvVD1KnW+cAUJkIrAWh+kVI=
-modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.34.6 h1:sBgfIwyN0TQ9C5hwIeuqyeAKyMWnbvj2fvpF4L11uzU=
-modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.34.6/go.mod h1:SZ8YcN9NG7XVsQYdm6jYBvi8PQP1qi+kqB6OhjqI3Fk=
+modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.28.2 h1:3tQ0lf2ADtoby2EtSP+J7IE2SHwEJdP8ioR59wx7XpY=
+modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.28.2/go.mod h1:OnovgIhbbMXMu1aISnJ0wvVD1KnW+cAUJkIrAWh+kVI=
+modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.34.0 h1:yRLPFZieg532OT4rp4JFNIVcquwalMX26G95WQDqwCQ=
+modernc.org/ccgo/v4 v4.34.0/go.mod h1:AS5WYMyBakQ+fhsHhtP8mWB82KTGPkNNJDGfGQCe0/A=
 modernc.org/fileutil v1.4.0 h1:j6ZzNTftVS054gi281TyLjHPp6CPHr2KCxEXjEbD6SM=
 modernc.org/fileutil v1.4.0/go.mod h1:EqdKFDxiByqxLk8ozOxObDSfcVOv/54xDs/DUHdvCUU=
 modernc.org/gc/v2 v2.6.5 h1:nyqdV8q46KvTpZlsw66kWqwXRHdjIlJOhG6kxiV/9xI=
 modernc.org/gc/v2 v2.6.5/go.mod h1:YgIahr1ypgfe7chRuJi2gD7DBQiKSLMPgBQe9oIiito=
-modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.1.4 h1:2g65LGVSmFQrXeITAw97x7hCRvZFcyE1uDP+7Vng7JI=
-modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.1.4/go.mod h1:HFK/6AGESC7Ex+EZJhJ2Gni6cTaYpSMmU/cT9RmlfYY=
+modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.1.2 h1:ZtDCnhonXSZexk/AYsegNRV1lJGgaNZJuKjJSWKyEqo=
+modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.1.2/go.mod h1:HFK/6AGESC7Ex+EZJhJ2Gni6cTaYpSMmU/cT9RmlfYY=
 modernc.org/goabi0 v0.2.0 h1:HvEowk7LxcPd0eq6mVOAEMai46V+i7Jrj13t4AzuNks=
 modernc.org/goabi0 v0.2.0/go.mod h1:CEFRnnJhKvWT1c1JTI3Avm+tgOWbkOu5oPA8eH8LnMI=
-modernc.org/libc v1.74.1 h1:bdR4VTKFMC4966QSNZ05XLGI/VwzVa2kTUX51Dm0riQ=
-modernc.org/libc v1.74.1/go.mod h1:uH4t5bOx3G3g9Xcmj10YKlTcVISlRDwv8VoQJG9n8Os=
+modernc.org/libc v1.72.3 h1:ZnDF4tXn4NBXFutMMQC4vtbTFSXhhKzR73fv0beZEAU=
+modernc.org/libc v1.72.3/go.mod h1:dn0dZNnnn1clLyvRxLxYExxiKRZIRENOfqQ8XEeg4Qs=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 h1:GCZVGXdaN8gTqB1Mf/usp1Y/hSqgI2vAGGP4jZMCxOU=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1/go.mod h1:4p5IwJITfppl0G4sUEDtCr4DthTaT47/N3aT6MhfgJg=
 modernc.org/memory v1.11.0 h1:o4QC8aMQzmcwCK3t3Ux/ZHmwFPzE6hf2Y5LbkRs+hbI=
@ -906,8 +904,8 @@ modernc.org/opt v0.2.0 h1:tGyef5ApycA7FSEOMraay9SaTk5zmbx7Tu+cJs4QKZg=
 modernc.org/opt v0.2.0/go.mod h1:03fq9lsNfvkYSfxrfUhZCWPk1lm4cq4N+Bh//bEtgns=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.1 h1:+xyoGf15mM3NMlPDnFqrteY07klSFxLElE2PVuWIJ7w=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.1/go.mod h1:7ZI3a3REbai7gzCLcotuw9AC4VZVpYMjDzETGsSMqJE=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.55.0 h1:hIFh0MCH0rGinQ/4KYb5/UbCkRkb+UP+OkLCVWa5MTM=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.55.0/go.mod h1:4ntCLuNmnH8+GNqjka1wNg7KJd5/Hi5FYp8K+XQ7GZw=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.51.0 h1:aH/MMSoayAIhozZ7uJbVTT9QO/VhzBf0J9tymmmuC/U=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.51.0/go.mod h1:tcNzv5p84E0skkmJn038y+hWJbLQXQqEnQfeh5r2JLM=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.1 h1:UneZBkQA+DX2Rp35KcM69cSsNES9ly8mQWD71HKlOA0=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.1/go.mod h1:EHkiggD70koQxjVdSBM3JKM7k6L0FbGE5eymy9i3B9A=
 modernc.org/token v1.1.0 h1:Xl7Ap9dKaEs5kLoOQeQmPWevfnk/DM5qcLcYlA8ys6Y=
--- a/internal/config/config.go
+++ b/internal/config/config.go
@ -24,10 +24,23 @@
 //	storage:
 //	  url: "s3://bucket?endpoint=http://localhost:9000"
 //
+// Google Cloud Storage:
+//
+//	storage:
+//	  url: "gs://bucket-name"
+//
 // For S3, configure credentials via AWS environment variables:
 //
 //	AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, AWS_REGION
 //
+// For GCS, authentication uses Application Default Credentials. This works
+// transparently on GKE with Workload Identity, GCE/Cloud Run with attached
+// service accounts, or locally via `gcloud auth application-default login`.
+// When the proxy is signing URLs (direct_serve) without a private key,
+// gcsblob automatically falls back to the IAM Credentials signBlob API,
+// which requires the service account to hold roles/iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator
+// on itself.
+//
 // Database Configuration:
 //
 // The proxy supports two database backends:
@ -54,12 +67,10 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )

@ -112,12 +123,6 @@ type Config struct {
 	// size return ErrMetadataTooLarge. Default: "100MB".
 	MetadataMaxSize string `json:"metadata_max_size" yaml:"metadata_max_size"`

-	// HTTPTimeout is the timeout for individual upstream HTTP requests made
-	// by protocol handlers (metadata fetches, pass-through file requests).
-	// Uses Go duration syntax (e.g. "30s", "2m"). Default: "30s".
-	// Set to "0" to disable the timeout entirely.
-	HTTPTimeout string `json:"http_timeout" yaml:"http_timeout"`
-
 	// MirrorAPI enables the /api/mirror endpoints for starting mirror jobs via HTTP.
 	// Disabled by default to prevent unauthenticated users from triggering downloads.
 	MirrorAPI bool `json:"mirror_api" yaml:"mirror_api"`
@ -139,38 +144,9 @@ type CooldownConfig struct {
 	Ecosystems map[string]string `json:"ecosystems" yaml:"ecosystems"`

 	// Packages overrides the cooldown for specific packages (keyed by PURL).
-	// Valid PURL keys are normalized to canonical form before use.
 	Packages map[string]string `json:"packages" yaml:"packages"`
 }

-// NormalizedPackages returns a copy of the package overrides with valid PURL
-// keys in canonical form. An explicitly canonical key wins over an equivalent
-// noncanonical key, and invalid keys are preserved unchanged.
-func (c *CooldownConfig) NormalizedPackages() map[string]string {
-	if c == nil || c.Packages == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(c.Packages))
-	for key := range c.Packages {
-		keys = append(keys, key)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-
-	normalized := make(map[string]string, len(c.Packages))
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		canonical := key
-		if parsed, err := purl.Parse(key); err == nil {
-			canonical = parsed.String()
-		}
-		if _, exists := normalized[canonical]; exists && key != canonical {
-			continue
-		}
-		normalized[canonical] = c.Packages[key]
-	}
-	return normalized
-}
-
 // StorageConfig configures artifact storage.
 type StorageConfig struct {
 	// URL is the storage backend URL.
@ -178,6 +154,8 @@ type StorageConfig struct {
 	//   - file:///path/to/dir - Local filesystem (default)
 	//   - s3://bucket-name - Amazon S3
 	//   - s3://bucket?endpoint=http://localhost:9000 - S3-compatible (MinIO)
+	//   - gs://bucket-name - Google Cloud Storage (Workload Identity supported)
+	//   - azblob://container-name - Azure Blob Storage
 	// If empty, defaults to file:// with the Path value.
 	URL string `json:"url" yaml:"url"`

@ -194,7 +172,7 @@ type StorageConfig struct {

 	// DirectServe enables redirecting cached artifact downloads to presigned
 	// storage URLs (HTTP 302) instead of streaming bytes through the proxy.
-	// Only effective for backends that support URL signing (S3, Azure).
+	// Only effective for backends that support URL signing (S3, GCS, Azure).
 	DirectServe bool `json:"direct_serve" yaml:"direct_serve"`

 	// DirectServeTTL is how long presigned URLs remain valid.
@ -256,21 +234,6 @@ type DatabaseConfig struct {
 	URL string `json:"url" yaml:"url"`
 }

-// String returns a human-readable description of the configured database
-// suitable for logging. For postgres the password in the connection URL is
-// redacted; if the URL cannot be parsed only the driver name is returned to
-// avoid leaking credentials.
-func (d DatabaseConfig) String() string {
-	if d.Driver == "postgres" {
-		u, err := url.Parse(d.URL)
-		if err != nil || u.Host == "" {
-			return "postgres"
-		}
-		return u.Redacted()
-	}
-	return d.Path
-}
-
 // LogConfig configures logging.
 type LogConfig struct {
 	// Level is the minimum log level: "debug", "info", "warn", "error".
@ -497,9 +460,6 @@ func (c *Config) LoadFromEnv() {
 	if v := os.Getenv("PROXY_METADATA_MAX_SIZE"); v != "" {
 		c.MetadataMaxSize = v
 	}
-	if v := os.Getenv("PROXY_HTTP_TIMEOUT"); v != "" {
-		c.HTTPTimeout = v
-	}
 	if v := os.Getenv("PROXY_GRADLE_BUILD_CACHE_READ_ONLY"); v != "" {
 		c.Gradle.BuildCache.ReadOnly = v == "true" || v == "1"
 	}
@ -607,10 +567,6 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err := validateHTTPTimeout(c.HTTPTimeout); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	if err := c.Health.Validate(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@ -680,7 +636,6 @@ func (g *GradleBuildCacheConfig) Validate() error {
 const (
 	defaultMetadataTTL                   = 5 * time.Minute  //nolint:mnd // sensible default
 	defaultDirectServeTTL                = 15 * time.Minute //nolint:mnd // sensible default
-	defaultHTTPTimeout                   = 30 * time.Second //nolint:mnd // sensible default
 	defaultMetadataMaxSize               = 100 << 20
 	defaultGradleBuildCacheMaxUploadSize = 100 << 20
 	defaultGradleBuildCacheSweepInterval = 10 * time.Minute
@ -701,20 +656,6 @@ func (c *Config) ParseMaxSize() int64 {
 	return size
 }

-func validateHTTPTimeout(s string) error {
-	if s == "" || s == "0" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	d, err := time.ParseDuration(s)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid http_timeout %q: %w", s, err)
-	}
-	if d < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid http_timeout %q: must be non-negative", s)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func validateMetadataMaxSize(s string) error {
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil
@ -742,22 +683,6 @@ func (c *Config) ParseMetadataMaxSize() int64 {
 	return size
 }

-// ParseHTTPTimeout returns the upstream HTTP client timeout.
-// Returns 30s if unset, 0 (no timeout) if explicitly set to "0".
-func (c *Config) ParseHTTPTimeout() time.Duration {
-	if c.HTTPTimeout == "" {
-		return defaultHTTPTimeout
-	}
-	if c.HTTPTimeout == "0" {
-		return 0
-	}
-	d, err := time.ParseDuration(c.HTTPTimeout)
-	if err != nil || d < 0 {
-		return defaultHTTPTimeout
-	}
-	return d
-}
-
 // ParseMetadataTTL returns the metadata TTL duration.
 // Returns 5 minutes if unset, 0 if explicitly disabled.
 func (c *Config) ParseMetadataTTL() time.Duration {
--- a/internal/config/config_test.go
+++ b/internal/config/config_test.go
@ -363,34 +363,6 @@ cooldown:
 	if cfg.Cooldown.Packages["pkg:npm/@babel/core"] != "14d" {
 		t.Errorf("Cooldown.Packages[@babel/core] = %q, want %q", cfg.Cooldown.Packages["pkg:npm/@babel/core"], "14d")
 	}
-	if got := cfg.Cooldown.NormalizedPackages()["pkg:npm/%40babel/core"]; got != "14d" {
-		t.Errorf("normalized Cooldown.Packages[@babel/core] = %q, want %q", got, "14d")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCooldownConfigNormalizedPackages(t *testing.T) {
-	rawScoped := "pkg:npm/@typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64"
-	canonicalScoped := "pkg:npm/%40typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64"
-	cfg := CooldownConfig{Packages: map[string]string{
-		rawScoped:       "2d",
-		canonicalScoped: "3d",
-		"not-a-purl":    "4d",
-	}}
-
-	got := cfg.NormalizedPackages()
-
-	if got[canonicalScoped] != "3d" {
-		t.Errorf("canonical scoped package duration = %q, want %q", got[canonicalScoped], "3d")
-	}
-	if _, exists := got[rawScoped]; exists {
-		t.Errorf("raw scoped package key %q was not canonicalized", rawScoped)
-	}
-	if got["not-a-purl"] != "4d" {
-		t.Errorf("invalid PURL duration = %q, want preserved value %q", got["not-a-purl"], "4d")
-	}
-	if cfg.Packages[rawScoped] != "2d" {
-		t.Error("NormalizedPackages mutated the source map")
-	}
 }

 func TestLoadCooldownFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
@ -552,69 +524,6 @@ func TestValidateHealthStorageProbeInterval(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestParseHTTPTimeout(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		timeout string
-		want    time.Duration
-	}{
-		{"empty defaults to 30s", "", 30 * time.Second},
-		{"explicit zero disables", "0", 0},
-		{"2 minutes", "2m", 2 * time.Minute},
-		{"90 seconds", "90s", 90 * time.Second},
-		{"invalid defaults to 30s", "not-a-duration", 30 * time.Second},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			cfg := Default()
-			cfg.HTTPTimeout = tt.timeout
-			got := cfg.ParseHTTPTimeout()
-			if got != tt.want {
-				t.Errorf("ParseHTTPTimeout() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestValidateHTTPTimeout(t *testing.T) {
-	cfg := Default()
-	cfg.HTTPTimeout = "not-a-duration"
-	if err := cfg.Validate(); err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected validation error for invalid http_timeout")
-	}
-
-	cfg.HTTPTimeout = "-5s"
-	if err := cfg.Validate(); err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected validation error for negative http_timeout")
-	}
-
-	cfg.HTTPTimeout = "2m"
-	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error for valid http_timeout: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	cfg.HTTPTimeout = "0"
-	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error for zero http_timeout: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	cfg.HTTPTimeout = ""
-	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error for empty http_timeout: %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestLoadHTTPTimeoutFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	cfg := Default()
-	t.Setenv("PROXY_HTTP_TIMEOUT", "90s")
-	cfg.LoadFromEnv()
-
-	if cfg.HTTPTimeout != "90s" {
-		t.Errorf("HTTPTimeout = %q, want %q", cfg.HTTPTimeout, "90s")
-	}
-}
-
 func TestLoadMetadataTTLFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := Default()
 	t.Setenv("PROXY_METADATA_TTL", "10m")
@ -767,24 +676,3 @@ func TestValidateDirectServeBaseURL(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected error for valid direct_serve_base_url: %v", err)
 	}
 }
-
-func TestDatabaseConfigString(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name string
-		cfg  DatabaseConfig
-		want string
-	}{
-		{"sqlite", DatabaseConfig{Driver: "sqlite", Path: "./cache/proxy.db"}, "./cache/proxy.db"},
-		{"default driver", DatabaseConfig{Path: "/var/lib/proxy.db"}, "/var/lib/proxy.db"},
-		{"postgres no password", DatabaseConfig{Driver: "postgres", URL: "postgres://user@localhost:5432/proxy"}, "postgres://user@localhost:5432/proxy"},
-		{"postgres redacts password", DatabaseConfig{Driver: "postgres", URL: "postgres://user:secret@localhost:5432/proxy?sslmode=disable"}, "postgres://user:xxxxx@localhost:5432/proxy?sslmode=disable"},
-		{"postgres unparseable url", DatabaseConfig{Driver: "postgres", URL: "host=localhost user=foo password=bar"}, "postgres"},
-		{"postgres ignores sqlite path", DatabaseConfig{Driver: "postgres", URL: "postgres://localhost/db", Path: "./cache/proxy.db"}, "postgres://localhost/db"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		if got := tt.cfg.String(); got != tt.want {
-			t.Errorf("%s: String() = %q, want %q", tt.name, got, tt.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/handler/cargo.go
+++ b/internal/handler/cargo.go
@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -29,18 +30,11 @@ type CargoHandler struct {
 }

 // NewCargoHandler creates a new cargo protocol handler.
-func NewCargoHandler(proxy *Proxy, proxyURL, indexURL, downloadURL string) *CargoHandler {
-	if strings.TrimSpace(indexURL) == "" {
-		indexURL = cargoUpstream
-	}
-	if strings.TrimSpace(downloadURL) == "" {
-		downloadURL = cargoDownloadBase
-	}
-
+func NewCargoHandler(proxy *Proxy, proxyURL string) *CargoHandler {
 	return &CargoHandler{
 		proxy:       proxy,
-		indexURL:    strings.TrimSuffix(indexURL, "/"),
-		downloadURL: strings.TrimSuffix(downloadURL, "/"),
+		indexURL:    cargoUpstream,
+		downloadURL: cargoDownloadBase,
 		proxyURL:    strings.TrimSuffix(proxyURL, "/"),
 	}
 }
@ -149,7 +143,7 @@ func (h *CargoHandler) applyCooldownFiltering(downstreamResponse http.ResponseWr
 			continue
 		}

-		cratePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("cargo", crate.Name)
+		cratePURL := purl.MakePURLString("cargo", crate.Name, "")

 		if !h.proxy.Cooldown.IsAllowed("cargo", cratePURL, publishedAt) {
 			h.proxy.Logger.Info("cooldown: filtering cargo version",
@ -197,17 +191,10 @@ func (h *CargoHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	h.proxy.Logger.Info("cargo download request",
 		"crate", name, "version", version, "filename", filename)

-	downloadURL := fmt.Sprintf(
-		"%s/%s/%s",
-		h.downloadURL,
-		url.PathEscape(name),
-		url.PathEscape(filename),
-	)
-	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(
-		r.Context(), "cargo", name, version, filename, downloadURL,
-	)
+	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), "cargo", name, version, filename)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch crate")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch crate", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/cargo_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/cargo_test.go
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package handler

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/git-pkgs/cooldown"
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
 )

 func cargoTestProxy() *Proxy {
@ -72,75 +70,6 @@ func TestCargoConfigEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestCargoHandlerUsesConfiguredUpstreams(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("index", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var requestPath, authHeader string
-		upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			requestPath = r.URL.Path
-			authHeader = r.Header.Get("Authorization")
-			if authHeader != "Bearer cargo-token" {
-				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
-				return
-			}
-			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
-			_, _ = io.WriteString(w, `{"name":"serde","vers":"1.0.0"}`)
-		}))
-		defer upstream.Close()
-
-		proxy, _, _, _ := setupTestProxy(t)
-		proxy.HTTPClient = upstream.Client()
-		proxy.AuthForURL = func(string) (string, string) {
-			return "Authorization", "Bearer cargo-token"
-		}
-		h := NewCargoHandler(
-			proxy,
-			"http://proxy.test",
-			upstream.URL+"/index/",
-			"https://crates.example.test/files/",
-		)
-
-		req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/se/rd/serde", nil)
-		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		h.Routes().ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-		if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d; body: %s", w.Code, http.StatusOK, w.Body.String())
-		}
-		if requestPath != "/index/se/rd/serde" {
-			t.Errorf("upstream path = %q, want %q", requestPath, "/index/se/rd/serde")
-		}
-		if authHeader != "Bearer cargo-token" {
-			t.Errorf("Authorization = %q, want %q", authHeader, "Bearer cargo-token")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("download", func(t *testing.T) {
-		proxy, _, _, artifactFetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-		artifactFetcher.artifact = &fetch.Artifact{
-			Body:        io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("crate")),
-			ContentType: "application/gzip",
-		}
-		h := NewCargoHandler(
-			proxy,
-			"http://proxy.test",
-			"https://index.example.test/root/",
-			"https://crates.example.test/files/",
-		)
-
-		req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/crates/serde/1.0.0/download", nil)
-		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		h.Routes().ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-		if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d; body: %s", w.Code, http.StatusOK, w.Body.String())
-		}
-		want := "https://crates.example.test/files/serde/serde-1.0.0.crate"
-		if artifactFetcher.fetchedURL != want {
-			t.Errorf("fetched URL = %q, want %q", artifactFetcher.fetchedURL, want)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
 func TestCargoIndexProxy(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a mock upstream index server
 	indexContent := `{"name":"serde","vers":"1.0.0","deps":[],"cksum":"abc123"}
--- a/internal/handler/composer.go
+++ b/internal/handler/composer.go
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package handler

 import (
-	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@ -10,6 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ func deepCopyValue(v any) any {
 // filterAndRewriteVersions applies cooldown filtering and rewrites dist URLs
 // for a single package's version list.
 func (h *ComposerHandler) filterAndRewriteVersions(packageName string, versionList []any) []any {
-	packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("composer", packageName)
+	packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("composer", packageName, "")

 	filtered := versionList[:0]
 	for _, v := range versionList {
@ -306,127 +307,50 @@ func (h *ComposerHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)
 	h.proxy.Logger.Info("composer download request",
 		"package", packageName, "version", version, "filename", filename)

-	// We need to fetch the metadata to get the actual download URL since
-	// Packagist URLs include a hash. Packagist serves dev versions (e.g.
-	// "3.x-dev", "dev-master") from a separate "~dev" metadata file, while
-	// tagged releases live in the regular file. Try the file most likely to
-	// contain this version first, then fall back to the other so that both
-	// stable and dev versions resolve correctly.
-	metaURLs := h.metadataURLsForVersion(vendor, pkg, version)
+	// We need to fetch the metadata to get the actual download URL
+	// since Packagist URLs include a hash
+	metaURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/p2/%s/%s.json", h.repoURL, vendor, pkg)

-	h.proxy.Logger.Debug("resolving download URL",
-		"package", packageName, "version", version,
-		"metadata_urls", metaURLs)
-
-	var downloadURL string
-	for _, metaURL := range metaURLs {
-		url, err := h.findDownloadURLFromMetadata(r.Context(), metaURL, packageName, version)
-		if err != nil {
-			h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to fetch metadata", "error", err, "url", metaURL)
-			http.Error(w, "failed to fetch metadata", http.StatusBadGateway)
-			return
-		}
-		if url != "" {
-			downloadURL = url
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if downloadURL == "" {
-		h.proxy.Logger.Debug("version not found in any metadata source",
-			"package", packageName, "version", version,
-			"tried_urls", metaURLs)
-		http.Error(w, "version not found", http.StatusNotFound)
-		return
-	}
-
-	h.proxy.Logger.Debug("resolved download URL",
-		"package", packageName, "version", version,
-		"download_url", downloadURL)
-
-	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "composer", packageName, version, filename, downloadURL)
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(r.Context(), http.MethodGet, metaURL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		http.Error(w, "failed to create request", http.StatusInternalServerError)
 		return
 	}

-	ServeArtifact(w, result)
-}
-
-// isDevVersion reports whether a Composer version string refers to a
-// development (unstable, branch) version rather than a tagged release.
-// Composer formats these as either "dev-<branch>" (e.g. "dev-master") or
-// "<alias>-dev" (e.g. "3.x-dev").
-func isDevVersion(version string) bool {
-	return strings.HasPrefix(version, "dev-") || strings.HasSuffix(version, "-dev")
-}
-
-// metadataURLsForVersion returns the upstream metadata URLs to consult for a
-// given version, in priority order. Dev versions are served from the "~dev"
-// file, tagged releases from the regular file; the other file is included as a
-// fallback so an unexpected classification still resolves.
-func (h *ComposerHandler) metadataURLsForVersion(vendor, pkg, version string) []string {
-	stable := fmt.Sprintf("%s/p2/%s/%s.json", h.repoURL, vendor, pkg)
-	dev := fmt.Sprintf("%s/p2/%s/%s~dev.json", h.repoURL, vendor, pkg)
-
-	if isDevVersion(version) {
-		return []string{dev, stable}
-	}
-	return []string{stable, dev}
-}
-
-// findDownloadURLFromMetadata fetches a metadata document and returns the dist
-// URL for the given version, or an empty string if the version is not present.
-// An error is returned only on transport failure; a missing document (non-200)
-// or a missing version both yield an empty string so the caller can fall back.
-func (h *ComposerHandler) findDownloadURLFromMetadata(ctx context.Context, metaURL, packageName, version string) (string, error) {
-	h.proxy.Logger.Debug("fetching upstream metadata for download lookup",
-		"url", metaURL, "package", packageName, "version", version)
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, metaURL, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
 	resp, err := h.proxy.HTTPClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to fetch metadata", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch metadata", http.StatusBadGateway)
+		return
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()

-	h.proxy.Logger.Debug("upstream metadata response",
-		"url", metaURL, "status", resp.StatusCode)
-
 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return "", nil
+		http.Error(w, "package not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+		return
 	}

 	var metadata map[string]any
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&metadata); err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		http.Error(w, "failed to parse metadata", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
 	}

-	// Expand minified Composer v2 format so that inherited fields (including
-	// dist) are present on every version entry. Without this, versions that
-	// inherit dist from a previous entry will appear to have no download URL.
-	if metadata["minified"] == "composer/2.0" {
-		h.proxy.Logger.Debug("expanding minified metadata", "url", metaURL)
-		if packages, ok := metadata["packages"].(map[string]any); ok {
-			for pkgName, versions := range packages {
-				versionList, ok := versions.([]any)
-				if !ok {
-					continue
-				}
-				packages[pkgName] = expandMinifiedVersions(versionList)
-			}
-		}
+	// Find the download URL for this version
+	downloadURL := h.findDownloadURL(metadata, packageName, version)
+	if downloadURL == "" {
+		http.Error(w, "version not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+		return
 	}

-	url := h.findDownloadURL(metadata, packageName, version)
-	h.proxy.Logger.Debug("download URL lookup result",
-		"url", metaURL, "package", packageName, "version", version,
-		"download_url", url)
-	return url, nil
+	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "composer", packageName, version, filename, downloadURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ServeArtifact(w, result)
 }

 // findDownloadURL finds the dist URL for a specific version in metadata.
--- a/internal/handler/composer_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/composer_test.go
@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 package handler

 import (
-	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"log/slog"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@ -468,100 +465,6 @@ func TestComposerExpandMinifiedSharedDistReferences(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestComposerDownloadDevVersionUsesDevMetadata is a regression test for the
-// bug that made it impossible to install a *-dev dependency from dist.
-//
-// Packagist serves development versions (e.g. "3.x-dev", "dev-master") from a
-// separate "{package}~dev.json" metadata file; the regular "{package}.json"
-// file contains only tagged releases. The download handler used to fetch only
-// the regular file, so it could never find the dist URL for a dev version and
-// returned 404 — causing Composer to silently fall back to a git clone.
-//
-// This test serves both files from a mock upstream and asserts that:
-//   - the OLD behavior (regular file only) cannot resolve the dev version, and
-//   - the FIXED behavior (consulting the ~dev file) does.
-func TestComposerDownloadDevVersionUsesDevMetadata(t *testing.T) {
-	const (
-		pkg     = "phpmd/phpmd"
-		vendor  = "phpmd"
-		name    = "phpmd"
-		version = "3.x-dev"
-		distURL = "https://api.github.com/repos/phpmd/phpmd/zipball/2a9217f60aaf27bf6ddad9188f254d020ab70745"
-	)
-
-	// Regular metadata: tagged releases only — no dev versions.
-	stableBody := `{
-		"packages": {
-			"phpmd/phpmd": [
-				{"version": "2.15.0", "dist": {"url": "https://example.com/2.15.0.zip", "type": "zip"}}
-			]
-		}
-	}`
-
-	// ~dev metadata: where the 3.x-dev version actually lives.
-	devBody := `{
-		"packages": {
-			"phpmd/phpmd": [
-				{"version": "3.x-dev", "dist": {"url": "` + distURL + `", "type": "zip"}}
-			]
-		}
-	}`
-
-	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		switch r.URL.Path {
-		case "/p2/phpmd/phpmd.json":
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(stableBody))
-		case "/p2/phpmd/phpmd~dev.json":
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(devBody))
-		default:
-			http.NotFound(w, r)
-		}
-	}))
-	defer srv.Close()
-
-	h := &ComposerHandler{
-		proxy:    testProxy(),
-		repoURL:  srv.URL,
-		proxyURL: "http://localhost:8080",
-	}
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	// OLD behavior: fetching only the regular file fails to resolve the dev
-	// version, which is what produced the 404 before the fix.
-	stableURL := srv.URL + "/p2/phpmd/phpmd.json"
-	got, err := h.findDownloadURLFromMetadata(ctx, stableURL, pkg, version)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error fetching regular metadata: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got != "" {
-		t.Fatalf("regular metadata unexpectedly contained dev version %q (got %q); "+
-			"the test no longer reproduces the original bug", version, got)
-	}
-
-	// FIXED behavior: the handler consults the ~dev file (it is first in the
-	// candidate list for dev versions) and resolves the dist URL.
-	urls := h.metadataURLsForVersion(vendor, name, version)
-	if len(urls) == 0 || !strings.HasSuffix(urls[0], "/p2/phpmd/phpmd~dev.json") {
-		t.Fatalf("dev version should consult the ~dev metadata file first, got %v", urls)
-	}
-
-	var resolved string
-	for _, u := range urls {
-		resolved, err = h.findDownloadURLFromMetadata(ctx, u, pkg, version)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected error fetching metadata %q: %v", u, err)
-		}
-		if resolved != "" {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if resolved != distURL {
-		t.Errorf("dev version dist URL = %q, want %q", resolved, distURL)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestComposerRewriteMetadataCooldown(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	old := now.Add(-10 * 24 * time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339)
--- a/internal/handler/conan.go
+++ b/internal/handler/conan.go
@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ func (h *ConanHandler) handleRecipeFile(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "conan", packageName, storageVersion, storageFilename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch file")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch file", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

@ -121,7 +122,8 @@ func (h *ConanHandler) handlePackageFile(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "conan", packageName, storageVersion, storageFilename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch file")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch file", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/conda.go
+++ b/internal/handler/conda.go
@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -72,7 +74,8 @@ func (h *CondaHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "conda", packageName, version, filename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

@ -215,7 +218,7 @@ func (h *CondaHandler) applyCooldownFiltering(body []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 				continue
 			}

-			packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("conda", name)
+			packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("conda", name, "")

 			if !h.proxy.Cooldown.IsAllowed("conda", packagePURL, publishedAt) {
 				version, _ := entryMap["version"].(string)
--- a/internal/handler/container.go
+++ b/internal/handler/container.go
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package handler

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@ -118,12 +117,8 @@ func (h *ContainerHandler) handleBlobDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Req
 	)

 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamNotFound) {
-			h.containerError(w, http.StatusNotFound, "BLOB_UNKNOWN", "blob unknown to registry")
-			return
-		}
 		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to fetch blob", "error", err)
-		h.containerError(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "INTERNAL_ERROR", "failed to fetch blob")
+		h.containerError(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "BLOB_UNKNOWN", "failed to fetch blob")
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/cran.go
+++ b/internal/handler/cran.go
@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ func (h *CRANHandler) handleSourceDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reques

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "cran", name, version, filename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

@ -106,7 +107,8 @@ func (h *CRANHandler) handleBinaryDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reques

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "cran", name, storageVersion, filename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/debian.go
+++ b/internal/handler/debian.go
@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ func (h *DebianHandler) handlePackageDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Req
 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(
 		r.Context(), "deb", name, version, filename, downloadURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get debian package", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/filename_download.go
+++ b/internal/handler/filename_download.go
@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package handler
-
-import (
-	"net/http"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-type filenameDownload struct {
-	ecosystem string
-	suffix    string
-	parseErr  string
-	fetchErr  string
-	parse     func(string) (name, version string)
-}
-
-func (p *Proxy) handleFilenameDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, d filenameDownload) {
-	filename := r.PathValue("filename")
-	if filename == "" || !strings.HasSuffix(filename, d.suffix) {
-		http.Error(w, "invalid filename", http.StatusBadRequest)
-		return
-	}
-
-	name, version := d.parse(filename)
-	if name == "" || version == "" {
-		http.Error(w, d.parseErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
-		return
-	}
-
-	p.Logger.Info(d.ecosystem+" download request",
-		"name", name, "version", version, "filename", filename)
-
-	result, err := p.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), d.ecosystem, name, version, filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		p.serveArtifactError(w, err, d.fetchErr)
-		return
-	}
-
-	ServeArtifact(w, result)
-}
--- a/internal/handler/gem.go
+++ b/internal/handler/gem.go
@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -58,13 +60,30 @@ func (h *GemHandler) Routes() http.Handler {

 // handleDownload serves a gem file, fetching and caching from upstream if needed.
 func (h *GemHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	h.proxy.handleFilenameDownload(w, r, filenameDownload{
-		ecosystem: "gem",
-		suffix:    ".gem",
-		parseErr:  "could not parse gem filename",
-		fetchErr:  "failed to fetch gem",
-		parse:     h.parseGemFilename,
-	})
+	filename := r.PathValue("filename")
+	if filename == "" || !strings.HasSuffix(filename, ".gem") {
+		http.Error(w, "invalid filename", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Extract name and version from filename (e.g., "rails-7.1.0.gem")
+	name, version := h.parseGemFilename(filename)
+	if name == "" || version == "" {
+		http.Error(w, "could not parse gem filename", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	h.proxy.Logger.Info("gem download request",
+		"name", name, "version", version, "filename", filename)
+
+	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), "gem", name, version, filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch gem", http.StatusBadGateway)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ServeArtifact(w, result)
 }

 // parseGemFilename extracts name and version from a gem filename.
@ -247,7 +266,7 @@ func (h *GemHandler) fetchFilteredVersions(r *http.Request, name string) (map[st
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("gem", name)
+	packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("gem", name, "")
 	filtered := make(map[string]bool)

 	for _, v := range versions {
--- a/internal/handler/go.go
+++ b/internal/handler/go.go
@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 package handler

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
 )

 const (
@ -103,10 +100,6 @@ func (h *GoHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, modul

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), "golang", decodedModule, version, filename)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, fetch.ErrNotFound) {
-			http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
-			return
-		}
 		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
 		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch module", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
--- a/internal/handler/go_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/go_test.go
@ -1,49 +1,9 @@
 package handler

 import (
-	"errors"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
 )

-func TestGoModuleDownloadUpstreamErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name       string
-		fetchErr   error
-		wantStatus int
-	}{
-		{
-			name:       "module not found",
-			fetchErr:   fetch.ErrNotFound,
-			wantStatus: http.StatusNotFound,
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "upstream failure",
-			fetchErr:   errors.New("connection refused"),
-			wantStatus: http.StatusBadGateway,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-			fetcher.fetchErr = tt.fetchErr
-			handler := NewGoHandler(proxy, "http://localhost:8080")
-
-			req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/example.com/mod/@v/v1.0.0.zip", nil)
-			resp := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			handler.Routes().ServeHTTP(resp, req)
-
-			if resp.Code != tt.wantStatus {
-				t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", resp.Code, tt.wantStatus)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func TestDecodeGoModule(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		encoded string
--- a/internal/handler/handler.go
+++ b/internal/handler/handler.go
@ -48,14 +48,6 @@ func hasDotDotSegment(path string) bool {

 const defaultHTTPTimeout = 30 * time.Second

-// canonicalPackagePURL returns a versionless PURL in canonical form so cooldown
-// lookups match keys produced by config.CooldownConfig.NormalizedPackages.
-func canonicalPackagePURL(ecosystem, name string) string {
-	p := purl.MakePURL(ecosystem, name, "")
-	_ = p.Normalize()
-	return p.String()
-}
-
 const contentTypeJSON = "application/json"

 const headerAcceptEncoding = "Accept-Encoding"
@ -104,7 +96,6 @@ type Proxy struct {
 	// storage at an internal one.
 	DirectServeBaseURL string
 	HTTPClient         *http.Client
-	AuthForURL         func(string) (headerName, headerValue string)
 }

 // NewProxy creates a new Proxy with the given dependencies.
@ -252,9 +243,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) fetchAndCache(ctx context.Context, ecosystem, name, version, fil
 	// Resolve download URL
 	info, err := p.Resolver.Resolve(ctx, ecosystem, name, version)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, fetch.ErrNotFound) {
-			return nil, ErrUpstreamNotFound
-		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("resolving download URL: %w", err)
 	}

@ -274,9 +262,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) fetchAndCache(ctx context.Context, ecosystem, name, version, fil
 	if err != nil {
 		metrics.RecordUpstreamFetch(ecosystem, fetchDuration)
 		metrics.RecordUpstreamError(ecosystem, "fetch_failed")
-		if errors.Is(err, fetch.ErrNotFound) {
-			return nil, ErrUpstreamNotFound
-		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetching from upstream: %w", err)
 	}
 	metrics.RecordUpstreamFetch(ecosystem, fetchDuration)
@ -406,7 +391,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) ProxyUpstream(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, upstreamUR
 			req.Header.Set(header, v)
 		}
 	}
-	p.applyUpstreamAuth(req)

 	resp, err := p.HTTPClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@ -433,7 +417,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) ProxyFile(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, upstreamURL st
 		http.Error(w, "failed to create request", http.StatusInternalServerError)
 		return
 	}
-	p.applyUpstreamAuth(req)

 	resp, err := p.HTTPClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@ -460,18 +443,7 @@ func JSONError(w http.ResponseWriter, status int, message string) {
 }

 // ErrUpstreamNotFound indicates the upstream returned 404.
-var ErrUpstreamNotFound = fmt.Errorf("upstream: %w", fetch.ErrNotFound)
-
-// serveArtifactError writes response for a failed fetch:
-// 404 when upstream reports artifact missing, 502 otherwise.
-func (p *Proxy) serveArtifactError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error, clientMsg string) {
-	if errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamNotFound) {
-		http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
-		return
-	}
-	p.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
-	http.Error(w, clientMsg, http.StatusBadGateway)
-}
+var ErrUpstreamNotFound = fmt.Errorf("upstream: not found")

 // errStale304 is returned when upstream sends 304 but the cached file is missing.
 var errStale304 = fmt.Errorf("upstream returned 304 but cached file is missing")
@ -574,7 +546,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) fetchUpstreamMetadata(ctx context.Context, upstreamURL string, e
 		return nil, "", "", zeroTime, fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", accept)
-	p.applyUpstreamAuth(req)

 	if entry != nil && entry.ETag.Valid {
 		req.Header.Set("If-None-Match", entry.ETag.String)
@ -764,7 +735,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) proxyMetadataStream(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, upst
 		accept = acceptHeaders[0]
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", accept)
-	p.applyUpstreamAuth(req)

 	for _, header := range []string{headerAcceptEncoding, "If-Modified-Since", "If-None-Match"} {
 		if v := r.Header.Get(header); v != "" {
@ -789,17 +759,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) proxyMetadataStream(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, upst
 	_, _ = io.Copy(w, resp.Body)
 }

-func (p *Proxy) applyUpstreamAuth(req *http.Request) {
-	if p.AuthForURL == nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	headerName, headerValue := p.AuthForURL(req.URL.String())
-	if headerName != "" && headerValue != "" {
-		req.Header.Set(headerName, headerValue)
-	}
-}
-
 // GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL retrieves an artifact from cache or fetches from a specific URL.
 // This is useful for registries where download URLs are determined from metadata.
 func (p *Proxy) GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(ctx context.Context, ecosystem, name, version, filename, downloadURL string) (*CacheResult, error) {
@ -828,9 +787,6 @@ func (p *Proxy) fetchAndCacheFromURL(ctx context.Context, ecosystem, name, versi

 	artifact, err := p.Fetcher.FetchWithHeaders(ctx, downloadURL, headers)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, fetch.ErrNotFound) {
-			return nil, ErrUpstreamNotFound
-		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetching from upstream: %w", err)
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/handler_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/handler_test.go
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/git-pkgs/proxy/internal/config"
 	"github.com/git-pkgs/proxy/internal/database"
 	"github.com/git-pkgs/proxy/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
@ -1011,33 +1010,3 @@ func TestProxyCached_FreshResponse_NoWarningHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Warning should be empty for fresh response, got %q", got)
 	}
 }
-
-// TestCanonicalPackagePURLMatchesConfig ensures the runtime cooldown lookup key
-// agrees with config.CooldownConfig.NormalizedPackages for the same package,
-// so a configured override is actually found regardless of how the user wrote it.
-func TestCanonicalPackagePURLMatchesConfig(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		ecosystem   string
-		requestName string
-		configKey   string
-	}{
-		{"npm", "@babel/core", "pkg:npm/@babel/core"},
-		{"npm", "@babel/core", "pkg:npm/%40babel/core"},
-		{"npm", "@typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64", "pkg:npm/@typescript/typescript-darwin-arm64"},
-		{"pypi", "Django", "pkg:pypi/Django"},
-		{"pypi", "django", "pkg:pypi/Django"},
-		{"composer", "symfony/console", "pkg:composer/Symfony/Console"},
-		{"cargo", "serde", "pkg:cargo/serde"},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.ecosystem+"/"+tt.requestName+"<="+tt.configKey, func(t *testing.T) {
-			cfg := config.CooldownConfig{Packages: map[string]string{tt.configKey: "1d"}}
-			normalized := cfg.NormalizedPackages()
-
-			lookup := canonicalPackagePURL(tt.ecosystem, tt.requestName)
-			if _, ok := normalized[lookup]; !ok {
-				t.Errorf("lookup key %q not found in normalized config %v", lookup, normalized)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/handler/hex.go
+++ b/internal/handler/hex.go
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/encoding/protowire"
 )

@ -53,13 +54,30 @@ func (h *HexHandler) Routes() http.Handler {

 // handleDownload serves a package tarball, fetching and caching from upstream if needed.
 func (h *HexHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	h.proxy.handleFilenameDownload(w, r, filenameDownload{
-		ecosystem: "hex",
-		suffix:    ".tar",
-		parseErr:  "could not parse tarball filename",
-		fetchErr:  "failed to fetch package",
-		parse:     h.parseTarballFilename,
-	})
+	filename := r.PathValue("filename")
+	if filename == "" || !strings.HasSuffix(filename, ".tar") {
+		http.Error(w, "invalid filename", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Extract name and version from filename (e.g., "phoenix-1.7.10.tar")
+	name, version := h.parseTarballFilename(filename)
+	if name == "" || version == "" {
+		http.Error(w, "could not parse tarball filename", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	h.proxy.Logger.Info("hex download request",
+		"name", name, "version", version, "filename", filename)
+
+	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), "hex", name, version, filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
+		return
+	}
+
+	ServeArtifact(w, result)
 }

 // parseTarballFilename extracts name and version from a hex tarball filename.
@ -219,7 +237,7 @@ func (h *HexHandler) fetchFilteredVersions(r *http.Request, name string) (map[st
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("hex", name)
+	packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("hex", name, "")
 	filtered := make(map[string]bool)

 	for _, release := range pkg.Releases {
--- a/internal/handler/julia.go
+++ b/internal/handler/julia.go
@ -90,7 +90,8 @@ func (h *JuliaHandler) handleRegistry(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	upstreamURL := h.upstreamURL + r.URL.Path
 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "julia", juliaRegistryName, hash, hash+".tar.gz", upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch registry")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get registry", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch registry", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

@ -118,7 +119,8 @@ func (h *JuliaHandler) handlePackage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	upstreamURL := h.upstreamURL + r.URL.Path
 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "julia", name, hash, hash+".tar.gz", upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get package", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

@ -139,7 +141,8 @@ func (h *JuliaHandler) handleArtifact(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	upstreamURL := h.upstreamURL + r.URL.Path
 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "julia", juliaArtifactName, hash, hash+".tar.gz", upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch artifact")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch artifact", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/maven.go
+++ b/internal/handler/maven.go
@ -130,7 +130,12 @@ func (h *MavenHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ur
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch artifact")
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamNotFound) {
+			http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch artifact", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/notfound_ecosystems_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/notfound_ecosystems_test.go
@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-package handler
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
-)
-
-func TestArtifactDownloadUpstreamNotFoundReturns404(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		path    string
-		handler func(p *Proxy) http.Handler
-	}{
-		{"debian", "/pool/main/n/nginx/nginx_1.18.0-6_amd64.deb",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewDebianHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"rpm", "/releases/39/Everything/x86_64/os/Packages/n/nginx-1.24.0-1.fc39.x86_64.rpm",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewRPMHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"nuget", "/v3-flatcontainer/newtonsoft.json/13.0.3/newtonsoft.json.13.0.3.nupkg",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewNuGetHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"pypi", "/packages/packages/ab/cd/ef0123456789/requests-2.31.0-py3-none-any.whl",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewPyPIHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"cran", "/src/contrib/ggplot2_3.4.4.tar.gz",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewCRANHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"conda", "/conda-forge/linux-64/numpy-1.26.0-py311_0.tar.bz2",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewCondaHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"conan", "/v1/files/zlib/1.3.1/_/_/0/recipe/conan_sources.tgz",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewConanHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"gem", "/gems/rails-7.1.0.gem",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewGemHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-		{"hex", "/tarballs/phoenix-1.7.10.tar",
-			func(p *Proxy) http.Handler { return NewHexHandler(p, "http://localhost").Routes() }},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-			fetcher.fetchErr = fetch.ErrNotFound
-
-			srv := httptest.NewServer(tt.handler(proxy))
-			defer srv.Close()
-
-			resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + tt.path)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("request failed: %v", err)
-			}
-			defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-			if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusNotFound {
-				t.Errorf("want 404 for missing upstream artifact, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestJuliaPackageUpstreamNotFoundReturns404(t *testing.T) {
-	proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-	fetcher.fetchErr = fetch.ErrNotFound
-
-	dead := httptest.NewServer(http.NotFoundHandler())
-	defer dead.Close()
-
-	h := NewJuliaHandler(proxy, "http://localhost")
-	h.upstreamURL = dead.URL
-
-	srv := httptest.NewServer(h.Routes())
-	defer srv.Close()
-
-	resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL +
-		"/package/7876af07-990d-54b4-ab0e-23690620f79a/0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef01234567")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("request failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusNotFound {
-		t.Errorf("want 404 for missing upstream package, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestComposerDownloadUpstreamNotFoundReturns404(t *testing.T) {
-	proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-	fetcher.fetchErr = fetch.ErrNotFound
-
-	meta := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		if r.URL.Path == "/p2/monolog/monolog.json" {
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{
-				"packages": {
-					"monolog/monolog": [
-						{"version": "2.9.1", "dist": {"url": "https://example.com/monolog-2.9.1.zip", "type": "zip"}}
-					]
-				}
-			}`))
-			return
-		}
-		http.NotFound(w, r)
-	}))
-	defer meta.Close()
-
-	h := &ComposerHandler{proxy: proxy, repoURL: meta.URL, proxyURL: "http://localhost"}
-	srv := httptest.NewServer(h.Routes())
-	defer srv.Close()
-
-	resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + "/files/monolog/monolog/2.9.1/monolog-2.9.1.zip")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("request failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusNotFound {
-		t.Errorf("want 404 for missing upstream dist, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestContainerBlobUpstreamNotFoundReturns404(t *testing.T) {
-	authServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-		_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"token": "test-token-123"}`))
-	}))
-	defer authServer.Close()
-
-	proxy, _, _, _ := setupTestProxy(t)
-	proxy.Fetcher = &mockFetcherWithHeaders{
-		fetchFn: func(_ context.Context, _ string, _ http.Header) (*fetch.Artifact, error) {
-			return nil, fetch.ErrNotFound
-		},
-	}
-
-	h := &ContainerHandler{
-		proxy:       proxy,
-		registryURL: "https://registry-1.docker.io",
-		authURL:     authServer.URL,
-		proxyURL:    "http://localhost:8080",
-	}
-
-	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet,
-		"/library/nginx/blobs/sha256:abc123def456abc123def456abc123def456abc123def456abc123def456abcd", nil)
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	h.Routes().ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-	if w.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
-		t.Errorf("want 404 for missing upstream blob, got %d; body: %s", w.Code, w.Body.String())
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(w.Body.String(), "BLOB_UNKNOWN") {
-		t.Errorf("want BLOB_UNKNOWN error code in body, got: %s", w.Body.String())
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/handler/notfound_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/notfound_test.go
@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-package handler
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
-)
-
-func TestErrUpstreamNotFoundWrapsFetchErrNotFound(t *testing.T) {
-	if !errors.Is(ErrUpstreamNotFound, fetch.ErrNotFound) {
-		t.Fatal("ErrUpstreamNotFound does not wrap fetch.ErrNotFound")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGetOrFetchArtifactFromURL_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
-	proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-	fetcher.fetchErr = fetch.ErrNotFound
-
-	_, err := proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(context.Background(),
-		"maven", "org.example:missing", "1.0", "missing-1.0.jar",
-		"http://upstream.test/org/example/missing/1.0/missing-1.0.jar")
-
-	if !errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamNotFound) {
-		t.Fatalf("want ErrUpstreamNotFound, got %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMavenHandler_UpstreamNotFoundReturns404(t *testing.T) {
-	proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-	fetcher.fetchErr = fetch.ErrNotFound
-
-	h := NewMavenHandler(proxy, "http://localhost", "http://upstream.test", "http://portal.test")
-	srv := httptest.NewServer(h.Routes())
-	defer srv.Close()
-
-	resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + "/org/example/missing/1.0/missing-1.0.jar")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("request failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusNotFound {
-		t.Errorf("want 404 for missing upstream artifact, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMavenHandler_PluginPortalFallback(t *testing.T) {
-	proxy, _, _, fetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-	fetcher.fetchErrByURL = map[string]error{
-		"http://upstream.test/org/example/plugin/1.0/plugin-1.0.jar": fetch.ErrNotFound,
-	}
-	fetcher.artifact = &fetch.Artifact{
-		Body:        io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("portal artifact")),
-		ContentType: "application/java-archive",
-	}
-
-	h := NewMavenHandler(proxy, "http://localhost", "http://upstream.test", "http://portal.test")
-	srv := httptest.NewServer(h.Routes())
-	defer srv.Close()
-
-	resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + "/org/example/plugin/1.0/plugin-1.0.jar")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("request failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		t.Fatalf("want 200 via plugin portal fallback, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if string(body) != "portal artifact" {
-		t.Errorf("want portal artifact body, got %q", body)
-	}
-	if fetcher.fetchedURL != "http://portal.test/org/example/plugin/1.0/plugin-1.0.jar" {
-		t.Errorf("fallback did not hit plugin portal, last URL: %s", fetcher.fetchedURL)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/handler/npm.go
+++ b/internal/handler/npm.go
@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -25,14 +27,10 @@ type NPMHandler struct {
 }

 // NewNPMHandler creates a new npm protocol handler.
-func NewNPMHandler(proxy *Proxy, proxyURL, upstreamURL string) *NPMHandler {
-	if strings.TrimSpace(upstreamURL) == "" {
-		upstreamURL = npmUpstream
-	}
-
+func NewNPMHandler(proxy *Proxy, proxyURL string) *NPMHandler {
 	return &NPMHandler{
 		proxy:       proxy,
-		upstreamURL: strings.TrimSuffix(upstreamURL, "/"),
+		upstreamURL: npmUpstream,
 		proxyURL:    strings.TrimSuffix(proxyURL, "/"),
 	}
 }
@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ func (h *NPMHandler) applyCooldownFiltering(metadata map[string]any, versions ma
 		return
 	}

-	packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("npm", packageName)
+	packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("npm", packageName, "")

 	for version := range versions {
 		publishedStr, ok := timeMap[version].(string)
@ -265,20 +263,8 @@ func (h *NPMHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	h.proxy.Logger.Info("npm download request",
 		"package", packageName, "version", version, "filename", filename)

-	downloadURL := fmt.Sprintf(
-		"%s/%s/-/%s",
-		h.upstreamURL,
-		escapeNPMDownloadPackage(packageName),
-		url.PathEscape(filename),
-	)
-	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(
-		r.Context(), "npm", packageName, version, filename, downloadURL,
-	)
+	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), "npm", packageName, version, filename)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrUpstreamNotFound) {
-			JSONError(w, http.StatusNotFound, "package not found")
-			return
-		}
 		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
 		JSONError(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "failed to fetch package")
 		return
@ -287,14 +273,6 @@ func (h *NPMHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	ServeArtifact(w, result)
 }

-func escapeNPMDownloadPackage(packageName string) string {
-	scope, name, scoped := strings.Cut(packageName, "/")
-	if scoped && strings.HasPrefix(scope, "@") && len(scope) > 1 && name != "" && !strings.Contains(name, "/") {
-		return url.PathEscape(scope) + "/" + url.PathEscape(name)
-	}
-	return url.PathEscape(packageName)
-}
-
 // extractPackageName extracts the package name from the request path.
 // Handles both scoped (@scope/name) and unscoped (name) packages.
 func (h *NPMHandler) extractPackageName(r *http.Request) string {
--- a/internal/handler/npm_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/npm_test.go
@ -2,16 +2,13 @@ package handler

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/git-pkgs/cooldown"
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/registries/fetch"
 )

 const testVersion100 = "1.0.0"
@ -49,86 +46,6 @@ func TestNPMExtractVersionFromFilename(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestNPMHandlerUsesConfiguredUpstream(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("metadata", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var requestPath, authHeader string
-		upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-			requestPath = r.URL.Path
-			authHeader = r.Header.Get("Authorization")
-			if authHeader != "Bearer npm-token" {
-				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
-				return
-			}
-			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-			_, _ = io.WriteString(w, `{"versions":{}}`)
-		}))
-		defer upstream.Close()
-
-		proxy, _, _, _ := setupTestProxy(t)
-		proxy.HTTPClient = upstream.Client()
-		proxy.AuthForURL = func(string) (string, string) {
-			return "Authorization", "Bearer npm-token"
-		}
-		h := NewNPMHandler(proxy, "http://proxy.test", upstream.URL+"/root/")
-
-		req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/testpkg", nil)
-		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		h.Routes().ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-		if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d; body: %s", w.Code, http.StatusOK, w.Body.String())
-		}
-		if requestPath != "/root/testpkg" {
-			t.Errorf("upstream path = %q, want %q", requestPath, "/root/testpkg")
-		}
-		if authHeader != "Bearer npm-token" {
-			t.Errorf("Authorization = %q, want %q", authHeader, "Bearer npm-token")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("download", func(t *testing.T) {
-		proxy, _, _, artifactFetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-		artifactFetcher.artifact = &fetch.Artifact{
-			Body:        io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("package")),
-			ContentType: "application/gzip",
-		}
-		h := NewNPMHandler(proxy, "http://proxy.test", "https://npm.example.test/root/")
-
-		req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/testpkg/-/testpkg-1.0.0.tgz", nil)
-		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		h.Routes().ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-		if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d; body: %s", w.Code, http.StatusOK, w.Body.String())
-		}
-		want := "https://npm.example.test/root/testpkg/-/testpkg-1.0.0.tgz"
-		if artifactFetcher.fetchedURL != want {
-			t.Errorf("fetched URL = %q, want %q", artifactFetcher.fetchedURL, want)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("scoped download", func(t *testing.T) {
-		proxy, _, _, artifactFetcher := setupTestProxy(t)
-		artifactFetcher.artifact = &fetch.Artifact{
-			Body:        io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("package")),
-			ContentType: "application/gzip",
-		}
-		h := NewNPMHandler(proxy, "http://proxy.test", "https://npm.example.test/root/")
-
-		req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/@scope/name/-/name-1.0.0.tgz", nil)
-		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-		h.Routes().ServeHTTP(w, req)
-
-		if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-			t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d; body: %s", w.Code, http.StatusOK, w.Body.String())
-		}
-		want := "https://npm.example.test/root/@scope/name/-/name-1.0.0.tgz"
-		if artifactFetcher.fetchedURL != want {
-			t.Errorf("fetched URL = %q, want %q", artifactFetcher.fetchedURL, want)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
 func TestNPMRewriteMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	h := &NPMHandler{
 		proxy:    testProxy(),
--- a/internal/handler/nuget.go
+++ b/internal/handler/nuget.go
@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -269,7 +271,7 @@ func (h *NuGetHandler) applyCooldownFiltering(body []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 				}
 			}

-			packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("nuget", strings.ToLower(id))
+			packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("nuget", strings.ToLower(id), "")

 			if !h.proxy.Cooldown.IsAllowed("nuget", packagePURL, publishedAt) {
 				h.proxy.Logger.Info("cooldown: filtering nuget version",
@ -314,7 +316,8 @@ func (h *NuGetHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "nuget", name, version, filename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/pub.go
+++ b/internal/handler/pub.go
@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -67,7 +69,8 @@ func (h *PubHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifact(r.Context(), "pub", name, version, filename)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ func (h *PubHandler) rewriteMetadata(name string, body []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		return body, nil
 	}

-	packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("pub", name)
+	packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("pub", name, "")
 	filtered := h.filterAndRewriteVersions(name, packagePURL, versions)
 	metadata["versions"] = filtered

--- a/internal/handler/pypi.go
+++ b/internal/handler/pypi.go
@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 )

 const (
@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ func (h *PyPIHandler) fetchFilteredVersions(r *http.Request, name string) map[st
 		return nil
 	}

-	packagePURL := canonicalPackagePURL("pypi", name)
+	packagePURL := purl.MakePURLString("pypi", name, "")
 	filtered := make(map[string]bool)

 	for version, files := range releases {
@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ func (h *PyPIHandler) rewriteJSONMetadata(body []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	packageName, _ := extractPyPIName(metadata)
 	packagePURL := ""
 	if packageName != "" {
-		packagePURL = canonicalPackagePURL("pypi", packageName)
+		packagePURL = purl.MakePURLString("pypi", packageName, "")
 	}

 	h.filterAndRewriteReleases(metadata, packageName, packagePURL)
@ -426,7 +428,8 @@ func (h *PyPIHandler) handleDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(r.Context(), "pypi", name, version, filename, upstreamURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get artifact", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/handler/rpm.go
+++ b/internal/handler/rpm.go
@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ func (h *RPMHandler) handlePackageDownload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reques
 	result, err := h.proxy.GetOrFetchArtifactFromURL(
 		r.Context(), "rpm", name, version, filename, downloadURL)
 	if err != nil {
-		h.proxy.serveArtifactError(w, err, "failed to fetch package")
+		h.proxy.Logger.Error("failed to get rpm package", "error", err)
+		http.Error(w, "failed to fetch package", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/server/browse.go
+++ b/internal/server/browse.go
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package server

 import (
-	"bufio"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@ -11,22 +10,29 @@ import (

 	"github.com/git-pkgs/archives"
 	"github.com/git-pkgs/archives/diff"
-	"github.com/git-pkgs/magic"
 	"github.com/git-pkgs/proxy/internal/database"
 	"github.com/git-pkgs/purl"
 	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
 )

-const (
-	contentTypePlainText = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
-	browseSniffSize      = 512
-)
+const contentTypePlainText = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"

 // maxBrowseArchiveSize caps how much data openArchive will buffer for
 // prefix detection. Artifacts larger than this are rejected to prevent
 // memory exhaustion from a single request.
 const maxBrowseArchiveSize = 512 << 20 // 512 MB

+// archiveFilename returns a filename suitable for archive format detection.
+// Some ecosystems (e.g. composer) store artifacts with bare hash filenames
+// that have no extension. This adds .zip when the original has no extension
+// and the content is likely a zip archive.
+func archiveFilename(filename string) string {
+	if path.Ext(filename) == "" {
+		return filename + ".zip"
+	}
+	return filename
+}
+
 // detectSingleRootDir returns the single top-level directory name if all files
 // in the archive live under one common directory (e.g. GitHub zipballs use
 // "repo-hash/"). Returns "" if there's no single root or the archive is flat.
@ -60,6 +66,8 @@ func detectSingleRootDir(reader archives.Reader) string {
 // and stripping a single top-level directory prefix (like GitHub zipballs).
 // For npm, the hardcoded "package/" prefix takes precedence.
 func openArchive(filename string, content io.Reader, ecosystem string) (archives.Reader, error) { //nolint:ireturn // wraps multiple archive implementations
+	fname := archiveFilename(filename)
+
 	limited := io.LimitReader(content, maxBrowseArchiveSize+1)
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(limited)
 	if err != nil {
@ -70,17 +78,17 @@ func openArchive(filename string, content io.Reader, ecosystem string) (archives
 	}

 	if ecosystem == "npm" {
-		return archives.OpenBytesWithPrefix(filename, data, "package/")
+		return archives.OpenBytesWithPrefix(fname, data, "package/")
 	}

-	probe, err := archives.OpenBytes(filename, data)
+	probe, err := archives.OpenBytes(fname, data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	prefix := detectSingleRootDir(probe)
 	_ = probe.Close()

-	return archives.OpenBytesWithPrefix(filename, data, prefix)
+	return archives.OpenBytesWithPrefix(fname, data, prefix)
 }

 // BrowseListResponse contains the file listing for a directory in an archives.
@ -353,14 +361,7 @@ func (s *Server) browseFile(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ecosystem, n
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = fileReader.Close() }()

-	contentType, knownPath := detectContentTypeFromPath(filePath)
-	var content io.Reader = fileReader
-	if !knownPath {
-		bufferedFile := bufio.NewReaderSize(fileReader, browseSniffSize)
-		prefix, _ := bufferedFile.Peek(browseSniffSize)
-		contentType = detectContentTypeFromPrefix(prefix)
-		content = bufferedFile
-	}
+	contentType := detectContentType(filePath)
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", contentType)
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Security-Policy", "sandbox")
 	w.Header().Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
@ -369,103 +370,85 @@ func (s *Server) browseFile(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ecosystem, n
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", fmt.Sprintf("inline; filename=%q", filename))

 	// Stream the file
-	_, _ = io.Copy(w, content)
+	_, _ = io.Copy(w, fileReader)
 }

-func detectContentTypeFromPath(filename string) (string, bool) {
+// detectContentType returns an appropriate content type based on file extension.
+func detectContentType(filename string) string {
 	ext := strings.ToLower(path.Ext(filename))

 	switch ext {
 	// Text formats
 	case ".txt", ".md", ".markdown":
-		return contentTypePlainText, true
+		return contentTypePlainText
 	case ".html", ".htm", ".xhtml":
-		return contentTypePlainText, true
+		return contentTypePlainText
 	case ".css":
-		return "text/css; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/css; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".js", ".mjs":
-		return "application/javascript; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "application/javascript; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".json":
-		return "application/json; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "application/json; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".xml":
-		return "application/xml; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "application/xml; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".yaml", ".yml":
-		return "text/yaml; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/yaml; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".toml":
-		return "text/toml; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/toml; charset=utf-8"

 	// Programming languages
 	case ".go":
-		return "text/x-go; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-go; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".rs":
-		return "text/x-rust; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-rust; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".py":
-		return "text/x-python; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-python; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".rb":
-		return "text/x-ruby; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-ruby; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".java":
-		return "text/x-java; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-java; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".c", ".h":
-		return "text/x-c; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-c; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".cpp", ".cc", ".cxx", ".hpp":
-		return "text/x-c++; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-c++; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".ts":
-		return "text/typescript; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/typescript; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".tsx":
-		return "text/tsx; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/tsx; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".jsx":
-		return "text/jsx; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/jsx; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".php":
-		return "text/x-php; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-php; charset=utf-8"

 	// Config files
 	case ".conf", ".config", ".ini":
-		return contentTypePlainText, true
+		return contentTypePlainText
 	case ".sh", ".bash":
-		return "text/x-shellscript; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-shellscript; charset=utf-8"
 	case ".dockerfile":
-		return "text/x-dockerfile; charset=utf-8", true
+		return "text/x-dockerfile; charset=utf-8"

 	// Images
 	case ".png":
-		return "image/png", true
+		return "image/png"
 	case ".jpg", ".jpeg":
-		return "image/jpeg", true
+		return "image/jpeg"
 	case ".gif":
-		return "image/gif", true
+		return "image/gif"
 	case ".svg":
-		return contentTypePlainText, true
+		return contentTypePlainText
 	case ".ico":
-		return "image/x-icon", true
+		return "image/x-icon"

 	// Archives
 	case ".zip", ".tar", ".gz", ".bz2", ".xz":
-		return "application/octet-stream", true
+		return "application/octet-stream"

 	default:
+		// Try to detect if it looks like text
 		if isLikelyText(filename) {
-			return contentTypePlainText, true
+			return contentTypePlainText
 		}
-		return "", false
-	}
-}
-
-func detectContentTypeFromPrefix(prefix []byte) string {
-	result := magic.DetectPrefix(prefix)
-	if result.Kind == magic.KindText {
-		return contentTypePlainText
-	}
-
-	switch result.Format {
-	case "png":
-		return "image/png"
-	case "jpeg":
-		return "image/jpeg"
-	case "gif":
-		return "image/gif"
-	case "pdf":
-		return "application/pdf"
-	default:
 		return "application/octet-stream"
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/server/browse_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/browse_bench_test.go
@ -55,35 +55,3 @@ func BenchmarkOpenArchive(b *testing.B) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func BenchmarkDetectContentType(b *testing.B) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name      string
-		filename  string
-		prefix    []byte
-		knownPath bool
-	}{
-		{"known-path", "README.md", nil, true},
-		{"text-prefix", "artifact", bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), browseSniffSize), false},
-		{"png-prefix", "artifact", append([]byte("\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"), make([]byte, browseSniffSize-8)...), false},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
-			b.ReportAllocs()
-			var contentType string
-			if tc.knownPath {
-				for b.Loop() {
-					contentType, _ = detectContentTypeFromPath(tc.filename)
-				}
-			} else {
-				for b.Loop() {
-					contentType = detectContentTypeFromPrefix(tc.prefix)
-				}
-			}
-			if contentType == "" {
-				b.Fatal("empty content type")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/server/browse_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/browse_test.go
@ -137,44 +137,29 @@ func TestHandleBrowseFile(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to upsert artifact: %v", err)
 	}

-	files := []struct {
-		path        string
-		content     string
-		contentType string
-	}{
-		{"README.md", "# Test Package\n", contentTypePlainText},
-		{"notes.data", "short text\n", contentTypePlainText},
-		{"logo", "\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\nimage data", "image/png"},
-		{"page", "<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>", contentTypePlainText},
-		{"misleading.txt", "\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\nimage data", contentTypePlainText},
-	}
-	for _, file := range files {
-		t.Run(file.path, func(t *testing.T) {
-			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/ui/api/browse/npm/test-browse/1.0.0/file/"+file.path, nil)
-			w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			ts.handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+	// Test fetching a file
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/ui/api/browse/npm/test-browse/1.0.0/file/README.md", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	ts.handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)

-			if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
-				t.Fatalf("expected status 200, got %d: %s", w.Code, w.Body.String())
-			}
-			if w.Body.String() != file.content {
-				t.Errorf("unexpected file content: %q", w.Body.String())
-			}
-			if got := w.Header().Get("Content-Type"); got != file.contentType {
-				t.Errorf("Content-Type = %q, want %q", got, file.contentType)
-			}
-			if got := w.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy"); got != "sandbox" {
-				t.Errorf("Content-Security-Policy = %q, want sandbox", got)
-			}
-			if got := w.Header().Get("X-Content-Type-Options"); got != "nosniff" {
-				t.Errorf("X-Content-Type-Options = %q, want nosniff", got)
-			}
-		})
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("expected status 200, got %d: %s", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+
+	body := w.Body.String()
+	if body != "# Test Package\n" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected file content: %q", body)
+	}
+
+	// Check content type
+	contentType := w.Header().Get("Content-Type")
+	if contentType != contentTypePlainText {
+		t.Errorf("expected text/plain content type, got %q", contentType)
 	}

 	// Test fetching non-existent file
-	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/ui/api/browse/npm/test-browse/1.0.0/file/nonexistent.txt", nil)
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req = httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/ui/api/browse/npm/test-browse/1.0.0/file/nonexistent.txt", nil)
+	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
 	ts.handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)

 	if w.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
@ -182,52 +167,36 @@ func TestHandleBrowseFile(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestBrowseContentTypePolicy(t *testing.T) {
+func TestDetectContentType(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		name       string
 		filename   string
-		prefix     []byte
 		expectedCT string
 	}{
-		{"text extension", "file.txt", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"markdown extension", "file.md", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"JSON extension", "file.json", nil, "application/json; charset=utf-8"},
-		{"JavaScript extension", "file.js", nil, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8"},
-		{"Go extension", "file.go", nil, "text/x-go; charset=utf-8"},
-		{"Python extension", "file.py", nil, "text/x-python; charset=utf-8"},
-		{"Rust extension", "file.rs", nil, "text/x-rust; charset=utf-8"},
-		{"HTML extension", "file.html", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"HTM extension", "file.htm", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"XHTML extension", "file.xhtml", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"SVG extension", "file.svg", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"PNG extension", "file.png", nil, "image/png"},
-		{"JPEG extension", "file.jpg", nil, "image/jpeg"},
-		{"README", "README", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"LICENSE", "LICENSE", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"Makefile", "Makefile", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"gitignore", ".gitignore", nil, contentTypePlainText},
-		{"unknown empty", "file.bin", nil, "application/octet-stream"},
-		{"extensionless PNG", "asset", []byte("\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"), "image/png"},
-		{"extensionless JPEG", "asset", []byte("\xff\xd8\xff"), "image/jpeg"},
-		{"extensionless GIF", "asset", []byte("GIF89a"), "image/gif"},
-		{"extensionless PDF", "asset", []byte("%PDF-1.7"), "application/pdf"},
-		{"extensionless text", "asset", []byte("plain text\n"), contentTypePlainText},
-		{"extensionless HTML", "asset", []byte("<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>"), contentTypePlainText},
-		{"extensionless XML", "asset", []byte("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?><root/>"), contentTypePlainText},
-		{"extensionless SVG", "asset", []byte("<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"></svg>"), contentTypePlainText},
-		{"extensionless ZIP", "asset", []byte("PK\x03\x04"), "application/octet-stream"},
-		{"extensionless binary", "asset", []byte{0, 1, 2}, "application/octet-stream"},
-		{"known path wins", "file.txt", []byte("\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"), contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.txt", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.md", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.json", "application/json; charset=utf-8"},
+		{"file.js", "application/javascript; charset=utf-8"},
+		{"file.go", "text/x-go; charset=utf-8"},
+		{"file.py", "text/x-python; charset=utf-8"},
+		{"file.rs", "text/x-rust; charset=utf-8"},
+		{"file.html", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.htm", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.xhtml", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.svg", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.png", "image/png"},
+		{"file.jpg", "image/jpeg"},
+		{"README", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"LICENSE", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"Makefile", contentTypePlainText},
+		{".gitignore", contentTypePlainText},
+		{"file.bin", "application/octet-stream"},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, knownPath := detectContentTypeFromPath(tt.filename)
-			if !knownPath {
-				got = detectContentTypeFromPrefix(tt.prefix)
-			}
+		t.Run(tt.filename, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := detectContentType(tt.filename)
 			if got != tt.expectedCT {
-				t.Errorf("content type for %q with prefix %q = %q, want %q", tt.filename, tt.prefix, got, tt.expectedCT)
+				t.Errorf("detectContentType(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.filename, got, tt.expectedCT)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@ -286,10 +255,6 @@ func createTestArchive(t *testing.T) []byte {
 		"package/lib/index.js":       "module.exports = {};",
 		"package/lib/helper.js":      "module.exports.help = () => {};",
 		"package/test/index.test.js": "// tests",
-		"package/notes.data":         "short text\n",
-		"package/logo":               "\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\nimage data",
-		"package/page":               "<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>",
-		"package/misleading.txt":     "\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\nimage data",
 	}

 	for path, content := range files {
@ -644,19 +609,25 @@ func TestHandleComparePage(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestOpenArchiveDetectsExtensionlessTarGz(t *testing.T) {
-	reader, err := openArchive("artifact", bytes.NewReader(createTestArchive(t)), "npm")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("openArchive failed: %v", err)
+func TestArchiveFilename(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"package.tar.gz", "package.tar.gz"},
+		{"d2e2f014ccd6ec9fae8dbe6336a4164346a2a856", "d2e2f014ccd6ec9fae8dbe6336a4164346a2a856.zip"},
+		{"file.zip", "file.zip"},
+		{"archive.tgz", "archive.tgz"},
+		{"noext", "noext.zip"},
 	}
-	defer func() { _ = reader.Close() }()

-	files, err := reader.List()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("List failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(files) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("expected files in extensionless archive")
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.input, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := archiveFilename(tt.input)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("archiveFilename(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }

--- a/internal/server/server.go
+++ b/internal/server/server.go
@ -163,11 +163,9 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	cd := &cooldown.Config{
 		Default:    s.cfg.Cooldown.Default,
 		Ecosystems: s.cfg.Cooldown.Ecosystems,
-		Packages:   s.cfg.Cooldown.NormalizedPackages(),
+		Packages:   s.cfg.Cooldown.Packages,
 	}
 	proxy := handler.NewProxy(s.db, s.storage, fetcher, resolver, s.logger)
-	proxy.HTTPClient.Timeout = s.cfg.ParseHTTPTimeout()
-	proxy.AuthForURL = s.authForURL
 	proxy.Cooldown = cd
 	proxy.CacheMetadata = s.cfg.CacheMetadata
 	proxy.MetadataTTL = s.cfg.ParseMetadataTTL()
@ -197,13 +195,8 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	})

 	// Mount protocol handlers
-	npmHandler := handler.NewNPMHandler(proxy, s.cfg.BaseURL, s.cfg.Upstream.NPM)
-	cargoHandler := handler.NewCargoHandler(
-		proxy,
-		s.cfg.BaseURL,
-		s.cfg.Upstream.Cargo,
-		s.cfg.Upstream.CargoDownload,
-	)
+	npmHandler := handler.NewNPMHandler(proxy, s.cfg.BaseURL)
+	cargoHandler := handler.NewCargoHandler(proxy, s.cfg.BaseURL)
 	gemHandler := handler.NewGemHandler(proxy, s.cfg.BaseURL)
 	goHandler := handler.NewGoHandler(proxy, s.cfg.BaseURL)
 	hexHandler := handler.NewHexHandler(proxy, s.cfg.BaseURL)
@ -309,7 +302,7 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 		"base_url", s.cfg.BaseURL,
 		"ui_url", s.cfg.UIBaseURL,
 		"storage", s.storage.URL(),
-		"database", s.cfg.Database.String())
+		"database", s.cfg.Database.Path)
 	go s.updateCacheStatsMetrics()
 	go s.startEvictionLoop(bgCtx)

@ -934,7 +927,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleStats(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		TotalSize:       size,
 		TotalSizeHuman:  formatSize(size),
 		StorageURL:      s.storage.URL(),
-		DatabasePath:    s.cfg.Database.String(),
+		DatabasePath:    s.cfg.Database.Path,
 	}

 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
--- a/internal/server/server_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/server_test.go
@ -67,13 +67,8 @@ func newTestServer(t *testing.T) *testServer {
 	r := chi.NewRouter()

 	// Mount handlers
-	npmHandler := handler.NewNPMHandler(proxy, cfg.BaseURL, cfg.Upstream.NPM)
-	cargoHandler := handler.NewCargoHandler(
-		proxy,
-		cfg.BaseURL,
-		cfg.Upstream.Cargo,
-		cfg.Upstream.CargoDownload,
-	)
+	npmHandler := handler.NewNPMHandler(proxy, cfg.BaseURL)
+	cargoHandler := handler.NewCargoHandler(proxy, cfg.BaseURL)
 	gemHandler := handler.NewGemHandler(proxy, cfg.BaseURL)
 	goHandler := handler.NewGoHandler(proxy, cfg.BaseURL)
 	pypiHandler := handler.NewPyPIHandler(proxy, cfg.BaseURL)
--- a/internal/server/templates/pages/packages_list.html
+++ b/internal/server/templates/pages/packages_list.html
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ document.getElementById('ecosystem-filter').addEventListener('change', function(
    const params = new URLSearchParams();
    if (ecosystem) params.set('ecosystem', ecosystem);
    if (sortBy) params.set('sort', sortBy);
-    window.location.href = '/ui/packages?' + params.toString();
+    window.location.href = '/packages?' + params.toString();
 });

 document.getElementById('sort-by').addEventListener('change', function(e) {
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ document.getElementById('sort-by').addEventListener('change', function(e) {
    const params = new URLSearchParams();
    if (ecosystem) params.set('ecosystem', ecosystem);
    if (sortBy) params.set('sort', sortBy);
-    window.location.href = '/ui/packages?' + params.toString();
+    window.location.href = '/packages?' + params.toString();
 });
 </script>
 {{end}}
--- a/internal/storage/blob.go
+++ b/internal/storage/blob.go
@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ const osWindows = "windows"
 // Blob implements Storage using gocloud.dev/blob.
 // Supports local filesystem (file://) and S3 (s3://) URLs.
 type Blob struct {
-	bucket *blob.Bucket
-	url    string
+	bucket  *blob.Bucket
+	backend Storage
+	url     string
 }

 // OpenBucket opens a blob bucket from a URL.
@ -35,9 +36,20 @@ type Blob struct {
 //   - file:///path/to/dir - Local filesystem storage
 //   - s3://bucket-name - Amazon S3 (uses AWS_* environment variables)
 //   - s3://bucket-name?region=us-east-1&endpoint=http://localhost:9000 - S3-compatible (MinIO, etc.)
+//   - gs://bucket-name - Google Cloud Storage (uses Application Default Credentials;
+//     supports Workload Identity on GKE/GCE without any extra configuration)
+//   - azblob://container-name - Azure Blob Storage
 //
 // For local filesystem, the directory is created if it doesn't exist.
 func OpenBucket(ctx context.Context, urlStr string) (*Blob, error) {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(urlStr, "gs://") {
+		backend, err := OpenGCS(ctx, urlStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &Blob{backend: backend, url: urlStr}, nil
+	}
+
 	// Handle file:// URLs specially to create the directory
 	if strings.HasPrefix(urlStr, "file://") {
 		path := strings.TrimPrefix(urlStr, "file://")
@ -90,6 +102,10 @@ func OpenBucket(ctx context.Context, urlStr string) (*Blob, error) {
 }

 func (b *Blob) Store(ctx context.Context, path string, r io.Reader) (int64, string, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.Store(ctx, path, r)
+	}
+
 	// Compute hash while writing
 	h := sha256.New()
 	tee := io.TeeReader(r, h)
@ -115,6 +131,10 @@ func (b *Blob) Store(ctx context.Context, path string, r io.Reader) (int64, stri
 }

 func (b *Blob) Open(ctx context.Context, path string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.Open(ctx, path)
+	}
+
 	r, err := b.bucket.NewReader(ctx, path, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		if isNotExist(err) {
@ -126,6 +146,10 @@ func (b *Blob) Open(ctx context.Context, path string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 }

 func (b *Blob) Exists(ctx context.Context, path string) (bool, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.Exists(ctx, path)
+	}
+
 	exists, err := b.bucket.Exists(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("checking existence: %w", err)
@ -134,6 +158,10 @@ func (b *Blob) Exists(ctx context.Context, path string) (bool, error) {
 }

 func (b *Blob) Delete(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.Delete(ctx, path)
+	}
+
 	err := b.bucket.Delete(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil && !isNotExist(err) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("deleting object: %w", err)
@ -142,6 +170,10 @@ func (b *Blob) Delete(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
 }

 func (b *Blob) SignedURL(ctx context.Context, path string, expiry time.Duration) (string, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.SignedURL(ctx, path, expiry)
+	}
+
 	url, err := b.bucket.SignedURL(ctx, path, &blob.SignedURLOptions{
 		Method: http.MethodGet,
 		Expiry: expiry,
@ -156,6 +188,10 @@ func (b *Blob) SignedURL(ctx context.Context, path string, expiry time.Duration)
 }

 func (b *Blob) Size(ctx context.Context, path string) (int64, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.Size(ctx, path)
+	}
+
 	attrs, err := b.bucket.Attributes(ctx, path)
 	if err != nil {
 		if isNotExist(err) {
@ -167,6 +203,10 @@ func (b *Blob) Size(ctx context.Context, path string) (int64, error) {
 }

 func (b *Blob) UsedSpace(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.UsedSpace(ctx)
+	}
+
 	var total int64

 	iter := b.bucket.List(nil)
@ -186,6 +226,16 @@ func (b *Blob) UsedSpace(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {

 // ListPrefix returns object metadata for keys under a prefix.
 func (b *Blob) ListPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]ObjectInfo, error) {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		lister, ok := b.backend.(interface {
+			ListPrefix(context.Context, string) ([]ObjectInfo, error)
+		})
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, ErrNotFound
+		}
+		return lister.ListPrefix(ctx, prefix)
+	}
+
 	iter := b.bucket.List(&blob.ListOptions{Prefix: prefix})
 	objects := make([]ObjectInfo, 0)

@ -214,10 +264,18 @@ func (b *Blob) ListPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]ObjectInfo, err
 }

 func (b *Blob) Close() error {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.Close()
+	}
+
 	return b.bucket.Close()
 }

 func (b *Blob) URL() string {
+	if b.backend != nil {
+		return b.backend.URL()
+	}
+
 	return b.url
 }

--- a/internal/storage/filesystem.go
+++ b/internal/storage/filesystem.go
@ -34,31 +34,11 @@ func NewFilesystem(root string) (*Filesystem, error) {
 }

 func (fs *Filesystem) fullPath(path string) (string, error) {
-	localPath, err := cleanStoragePath(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+	full := filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(fs.root, filepath.FromSlash(path)))
+	if full != fs.root && !strings.HasPrefix(full, fs.root+string(filepath.Separator)) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: path escapes storage root", ErrNotFound)
 	}
-	return filepath.Join(fs.root, localPath), nil
-}
-
-func (fs *Filesystem) prefixPath(prefix string) (string, error) {
-	if prefix == "" {
-		return fs.root, nil
-	}
-	return fs.fullPath(prefix)
-}
-
-func cleanStoragePath(path string) (string, error) {
-	if path == "." || strings.Contains(path, `\`) || !filepath.IsLocal(path) {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: invalid storage path", ErrNotFound)
-	}
-
-	localPath, err := filepath.Localize(path)
-	if err != nil || localPath == "." || !filepath.IsLocal(localPath) {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: invalid storage path", ErrNotFound)
-	}
-
-	return localPath, nil
+	return full, nil
 }

 func (fs *Filesystem) Store(ctx context.Context, path string, r io.Reader) (int64, string, error) {
@ -210,7 +190,7 @@ func (fs *Filesystem) UsedSpace(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {

 // ListPrefix returns object metadata for paths under a prefix.
 func (fs *Filesystem) ListPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]ObjectInfo, error) {
-	searchRoot, err := fs.prefixPath(prefix)
+	searchRoot, err := fs.fullPath(prefix)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/internal/storage/filesystem_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/filesystem_test.go
@ -243,70 +243,19 @@ func TestFilesystemLargeFile(t *testing.T) {
 	assertLargeFileRoundTrip(t, createTestFilesystem(t))
 }

-func TestFilesystemRejectsInvalidPaths(t *testing.T) {
+func TestFilesystemRejectsTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 	tmp := t.TempDir()
 	fs, err := NewFilesystem(tmp)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	for _, p := range []string{
-		"",
-		".",
-		"../etc/passwd",
-		"../../etc/passwd",
-		"a/../../etc/passwd",
-		"/etc/passwd",
-		"test//file.txt",
-		"test/./file.txt",
-		"test/../file.txt",
-		`test\..\file.txt`,
-	} {
-		name := p
-		if name == "" {
-			name = "empty"
+	for _, p := range []string{"../etc/passwd", "../../etc/passwd", "a/../../etc/passwd"} {
+		if _, err := fs.Open(context.Background(), p); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Open(%q) should reject traversal", p)
+		}
+		if _, _, err := fs.Store(context.Background(), p, strings.NewReader("x")); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Store(%q) should reject traversal", p)
 		}
-
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctx := context.Background()
-
-			if _, err := fs.FullPath(p); !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
-				t.Errorf("FullPath(%q) = %v, want ErrNotFound", p, err)
-			}
-			if _, err := fs.Open(ctx, p); err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("Open(%q) should reject invalid path", p)
-			}
-			if _, _, err := fs.Store(ctx, p, strings.NewReader("x")); err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("Store(%q) should reject invalid path", p)
-			}
-			if _, err := fs.Exists(ctx, p); err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("Exists(%q) should reject invalid path", p)
-			}
-			if err := fs.Delete(ctx, p); err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("Delete(%q) should reject invalid path", p)
-			}
-			if _, err := fs.Size(ctx, p); err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("Size(%q) should reject invalid path", p)
-			}
-			if _, err := fs.ListPrefix(ctx, p); p != "" && err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("ListPrefix(%q) should reject invalid path", p)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFilesystemListPrefixAllowsEmptyPrefix(t *testing.T) {
-	fs := createTestFilesystem(t)
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	_, _, _ = fs.Store(ctx, "a.txt", strings.NewReader("aaaa"))
-	_, _, _ = fs.Store(ctx, "c/d.txt", strings.NewReader("ccccc"))
-
-	objects, err := fs.ListPrefix(ctx, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ListPrefix empty prefix failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(objects) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("ListPrefix empty prefix returned %d objects, want 2", len(objects))
 	}
 }

--- a/internal/storage/gcs.go
+++ b/internal/storage/gcs.go
@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata"
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2"
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2/google"
+)
+
+const (
+	gcsScope       = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform"
+	gcsDefaultHost = "https://storage.googleapis.com"
+)
+
+// GCS implements Storage using the Cloud Storage JSON API.
+type GCS struct {
+	bucket     string
+	url        string
+	client     *http.Client
+	apiBase    string
+	uploadBase string
+
+	accessID   string
+	privateKey []byte
+	signBytes  func(context.Context, []byte) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// OpenGCS opens a Google Cloud Storage bucket from a gs:// URL.
+func OpenGCS(ctx context.Context, urlStr string) (*GCS, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(urlStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing GCS URL: %w", err)
+	}
+	if u.Scheme != "gs" || u.Host == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid GCS URL %q", urlStr)
+	}
+	if u.Path != "" && u.Path != "/" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GCS URL must name a bucket, got path %q", u.Path)
+	}
+
+	host := strings.TrimRight(gcsDefaultHost, "/")
+	client := http.DefaultClient
+	var accessID string
+	var privateKey []byte
+
+	if emulator := os.Getenv("STORAGE_EMULATOR_HOST"); emulator != "" {
+		host = strings.TrimRight(emulator, "/")
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(host, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(host, "https://") {
+			host = "http://" + host
+		}
+	} else {
+		var credsJSON []byte
+		var err error
+		client, credsJSON, err = gcsHTTPClient(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		accessID, privateKey = readGCSCredentials(credsJSON)
+		if accessID == "" && metadata.OnGCE() {
+			accessID, _ = metadata.Email("")
+		}
+	}
+
+	g := &GCS{
+		bucket:     u.Host,
+		url:        urlStr,
+		client:     client,
+		apiBase:    host + "/storage/v1",
+		uploadBase: host + "/upload/storage/v1",
+		accessID:   accessID,
+		privateKey: privateKey,
+	}
+	if len(privateKey) == 0 && accessID != "" {
+		g.signBytes = g.signBlob
+	}
+	return g, nil
+}
+
+func gcsHTTPClient(ctx context.Context) (*http.Client, []byte, error) {
+	creds, err := google.FindDefaultCredentials(ctx, gcsScope)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("loading GCS default credentials: %w", err)
+	}
+	return oauth2.NewClient(ctx, creds.TokenSource), creds.JSON, nil
+}
+
+func readGCSCredentials(credFileAsJSON []byte) (string, []byte) {
+	var serviceAccount struct {
+		ClientEmail string `json:"client_email"`
+		PrivateKey  string `json:"private_key"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(credFileAsJSON, &serviceAccount); err == nil && serviceAccount.ClientEmail != "" {
+		return serviceAccount.ClientEmail, []byte(serviceAccount.PrivateKey)
+	}
+
+	var impersonated struct {
+		ServiceAccountImpersonationURL string `json:"service_account_impersonation_url"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(credFileAsJSON, &impersonated); err == nil {
+		if email := serviceAccountFromImpersonationURL(impersonated.ServiceAccountImpersonationURL); email != "" {
+			return email, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+func serviceAccountFromImpersonationURL(raw string) string {
+	if raw == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	const marker = "/serviceAccounts/"
+	idx := strings.Index(u.Path, marker)
+	if idx == -1 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	email := strings.TrimSuffix(u.Path[idx+len(marker):], ":generateAccessToken")
+	email, _ = url.PathUnescape(email)
+	return email
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) Store(ctx context.Context, path string, r io.Reader) (int64, string, error) {
+	h := sha256.New()
+	body := &countingReader{r: io.TeeReader(r, h)}
+
+	endpoint := g.uploadBase + "/b/" + url.PathEscape(g.bucket) + "/o"
+	reqURL, _ := url.Parse(endpoint)
+	q := reqURL.Query()
+	q.Set("uploadType", "media")
+	q.Set("name", path)
+	reqURL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, reqURL.String(), body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream")
+
+	resp, err := g.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("uploading GCS object: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+	if err := g.checkResponse(resp, http.StatusOK); err != nil {
+		return 0, "", fmt.Errorf("uploading GCS object: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	hash := hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
+	return body.n, hash, nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) Open(ctx context.Context, path string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, g.objectURL(path)+"?alt=media", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resp, err := g.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening GCS object: %w", err)
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	if err := g.checkResponse(resp, http.StatusOK); err != nil {
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening GCS object: %w", err)
+	}
+	return resp.Body, nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) Exists(ctx context.Context, path string) (bool, error) {
+	_, err := g.attrs(ctx, path)
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return err == nil, err
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) Delete(ctx context.Context, path string) error {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodDelete, g.objectURL(path), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	resp, err := g.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting GCS object: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := g.checkResponse(resp, http.StatusNoContent); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("deleting GCS object: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) Size(ctx context.Context, path string) (int64, error) {
+	obj, err := g.attrs(ctx, path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return obj.size(), nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) SignedURL(ctx context.Context, path string, expiry time.Duration) (string, error) {
+	if g.accessID == "" {
+		return "", ErrSignedURLUnsupported
+	}
+
+	expires := time.Now().Add(expiry)
+	u := &url.URL{Path: fmt.Sprintf("/%s/%s", g.bucket, path)}
+	stringToSign := fmt.Sprintf("GET\n\n\n%d\n%s", expires.Unix(), u.String())
+
+	signed, err := g.sign(ctx, []byte(stringToSign))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("signing GCS URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	u.Scheme = "https"
+	u.Host = "storage.googleapis.com"
+	q := u.Query()
+	q.Set("GoogleAccessId", g.accessID)
+	q.Set("Expires", strconv.FormatInt(expires.Unix(), 10))
+	q.Set("Signature", base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(signed))
+	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	return u.String(), nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) UsedSpace(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	objects, err := g.ListPrefix(ctx, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var total int64
+	for _, obj := range objects {
+		total += obj.Size
+	}
+	return total, nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) ListPrefix(ctx context.Context, prefix string) ([]ObjectInfo, error) {
+	var objects []ObjectInfo
+	pageToken := ""
+
+	for {
+		reqURL, _ := url.Parse(g.apiBase + "/b/" + url.PathEscape(g.bucket) + "/o")
+		q := reqURL.Query()
+		q.Set("prefix", prefix)
+		if pageToken != "" {
+			q.Set("pageToken", pageToken)
+		}
+		reqURL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, reqURL.String(), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		resp, err := g.client.Do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing GCS objects: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := g.checkResponse(resp, http.StatusOK); err != nil {
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("listing GCS objects: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		var page gcsListResponse
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&page); err != nil {
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("decoding GCS list response: %w", err)
+		}
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+
+		for _, item := range page.Items {
+			objects = append(objects, ObjectInfo{
+				Path:    item.Name,
+				Size:    item.size(),
+				ModTime: item.updated(),
+			})
+		}
+		if page.NextPageToken == "" {
+			return objects, nil
+		}
+		pageToken = page.NextPageToken
+	}
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) URL() string {
+	return g.url
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) attrs(ctx context.Context, path string) (*gcsObject, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, g.objectURL(path), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resp, err := g.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting GCS object attributes: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	if err := g.checkResponse(resp, http.StatusOK); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting GCS object attributes: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var obj gcsObject
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&obj); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decoding GCS attributes: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &obj, nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) objectURL(path string) string {
+	return g.apiBase + "/b/" + url.PathEscape(g.bucket) + "/o/" + url.PathEscape(path)
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) checkResponse(resp *http.Response, want int) error {
+	if resp.StatusCode == want {
+		return nil
+	}
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 4096))
+	return fmt.Errorf("status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, strings.TrimSpace(string(body)))
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) sign(ctx context.Context, b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(g.privateKey) > 0 {
+		key, err := parseGCSPrivateKey(g.privateKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		sum := sha256.Sum256(b)
+		return rsa.SignPKCS1v15(rand.Reader, key, crypto.SHA256, sum[:])
+	}
+	if g.signBytes != nil {
+		return g.signBytes(ctx, b)
+	}
+	return nil, ErrSignedURLUnsupported
+}
+
+func (g *GCS) signBlob(ctx context.Context, payload []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	reqBody, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"payload": base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(payload),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	endpoint := "https://iamcredentials.googleapis.com/v1/projects/-/serviceAccounts/" +
+		url.PathEscape(g.accessID) + ":signBlob"
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, endpoint, bytes.NewReader(reqBody))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := g.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("calling IAM signBlob: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+	if err := g.checkResponse(resp, http.StatusOK); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("calling IAM signBlob: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var out struct {
+		SignedBlob string `json:"signedBlob"`
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&out); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decoding IAM signBlob response: %w", err)
+	}
+	return base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(out.SignedBlob)
+}
+
+func parseGCSPrivateKey(key []byte) (*rsa.PrivateKey, error) {
+	if block, _ := pem.Decode(key); block != nil {
+		key = block.Bytes
+	}
+	parsedKey, err := x509.ParsePKCS8PrivateKey(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		parsedKey, err = x509.ParsePKCS1PrivateKey(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	parsed, ok := parsedKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("private key is not RSA")
+	}
+	return parsed, nil
+}
+
+type gcsObject struct {
+	Name    string `json:"name"`
+	Size    string `json:"size"`
+	Updated string `json:"updated"`
+}
+
+type countingReader struct {
+	r io.Reader
+	n int64
+}
+
+func (r *countingReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	n, err := r.r.Read(p)
+	r.n += int64(n)
+	return n, err
+}
+
+func (o gcsObject) size() int64 {
+	n, _ := strconv.ParseInt(o.Size, 10, 64)
+	return n
+}
+
+func (o gcsObject) updated() time.Time {
+	t, _ := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, o.Updated)
+	return t
+}
+
+type gcsListResponse struct {
+	NextPageToken string      `json:"nextPageToken"`
+	Items         []gcsObject `json:"items"`
+}
--- a/internal/storage/gcs_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/gcs_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestGCSRoundTripWithEmulator(t *testing.T) {
+	objects := map[string]string{}
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch {
+		case r.Method == http.MethodPost && r.URL.Path == "/upload/storage/v1/b/test-bucket/o":
+			name := r.URL.Query().Get("name")
+			data, _ := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+			objects[name] = string(data)
+			writeJSON(w, gcsObject{Name: name, Size: strconv.Itoa(len(data)), Updated: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano)})
+		case r.Method == http.MethodGet && r.URL.Path == "/storage/v1/b/test-bucket/o":
+			prefix := r.URL.Query().Get("prefix")
+			page := gcsListResponse{}
+			for name, data := range objects {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(name, prefix) {
+					page.Items = append(page.Items, gcsObject{Name: name, Size: strconv.Itoa(len(data)), Updated: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano)})
+				}
+			}
+			sort.Slice(page.Items, func(i, j int) bool { return page.Items[i].Name < page.Items[j].Name })
+			writeJSON(w, page)
+		case r.Method == http.MethodGet && strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/storage/v1/b/test-bucket/o/"):
+			name := objectNameFromPath(r.URL.Path)
+			data, ok := objects[name]
+			if !ok {
+				http.NotFound(w, r)
+				return
+			}
+			if r.URL.Query().Get("alt") == "media" {
+				_, _ = io.WriteString(w, data)
+				return
+			}
+			writeJSON(w, gcsObject{Name: name, Size: strconv.Itoa(len(data)), Updated: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano)})
+		case r.Method == http.MethodDelete && strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/storage/v1/b/test-bucket/o/"):
+			delete(objects, objectNameFromPath(r.URL.Path))
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+		default:
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected request: %s %s", r.Method, r.URL.String())
+		}
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+	t.Setenv("STORAGE_EMULATOR_HOST", server.URL)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	store, err := OpenGCS(ctx, "gs://test-bucket")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("OpenGCS failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	size, hash, err := store.Store(ctx, "npm/pkg/file.tgz", strings.NewReader("content"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Store failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if size != int64(len("content")) || hash == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("Store returned size=%d hash=%q", size, hash)
+	}
+
+	exists, err := store.Exists(ctx, "npm/pkg/file.tgz")
+	if err != nil || !exists {
+		t.Fatalf("Exists = %v, %v; want true, nil", exists, err)
+	}
+
+	r, err := store.Open(ctx, "npm/pkg/file.tgz")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Open failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	data, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
+	_ = r.Close()
+	if string(data) != "content" {
+		t.Fatalf("Open content = %q, want content", data)
+	}
+
+	list, err := store.ListPrefix(ctx, "npm/")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListPrefix failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(list) != 1 || list[0].Path != "npm/pkg/file.tgz" {
+		t.Fatalf("ListPrefix = %#v", list)
+	}
+
+	if err := store.Delete(ctx, "npm/pkg/file.tgz"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Delete failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	exists, err = store.Exists(ctx, "npm/pkg/file.tgz")
+	if err != nil || exists {
+		t.Fatalf("Exists after delete = %v, %v; want false, nil", exists, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGCSSignedURLUsesSigner(t *testing.T) {
+	store := &GCS{
+		bucket:   "test-bucket",
+		accessID: "service@example.com",
+		signBytes: func(_ context.Context, b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+			if !strings.Contains(string(b), "/test-bucket/npm/pkg/file.tgz") {
+				t.Fatalf("string to sign = %q", b)
+			}
+			return []byte("signed"), nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	got, err := store.SignedURL(context.Background(), "npm/pkg/file.tgz", time.Minute)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SignedURL failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(got)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parsing signed URL: %v", err)
+	}
+	if u.Scheme != "https" || u.Host != "storage.googleapis.com" || u.Path != "/test-bucket/npm/pkg/file.tgz" {
+		t.Fatalf("signed URL location = %s", got)
+	}
+	if u.Query().Get("GoogleAccessId") != "service@example.com" {
+		t.Fatalf("GoogleAccessId = %q", u.Query().Get("GoogleAccessId"))
+	}
+	if u.Query().Get("Signature") != base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("signed")) {
+		t.Fatalf("Signature = %q", u.Query().Get("Signature"))
+	}
+}
+
+func writeJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, v any) {
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(v)
+}
+
+func objectNameFromPath(p string) string {
+	escaped := strings.TrimPrefix(p, "/storage/v1/b/test-bucket/o/")
+	name, _ := url.PathUnescape(escaped)
+	return name
+}
--- a/internal/storage/storage.go
+++ b/internal/storage/storage.go
@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 //   - file:///path/to/dir - Local filesystem storage
 //   - s3://bucket-name - Amazon S3
 //   - s3://bucket?endpoint=http://localhost:9000 - S3-compatible (MinIO)
+//   - gs://bucket-name - Google Cloud Storage (supports GKE Workload Identity
+//     via Application Default Credentials)
+//   - azblob://container-name - Azure Blob Storage
 //
 // Use OpenBucket to create a storage backend from a URL.
 package storage